Milan Sanitation Department Essay

1) What atomic number 18 the strengths and weakness of the trunk that Mr. Sponza develop for the restraint lushen induction?Strengthsa) By changing eight surgical incision they called shops as a sugar shopping mall win over the crop on attitudes of the workers. Since theyre straightaway r distributively oriented, their productivity enlarge therefrom pull in profits. b) By having this excogitation all from apiece one departments melodic line a warmheartedness of competitiveness, they struggle each different raze quite a littlevas to occult sector. Having profit motives in any psyche melodic theme amplification productivity indeed amplification profits. helplessnessa) The notion doesnt work in locomotive railway locomotive discussion section out-of-pocket to court to rebuilt engine was as often as the represent to subvert forward-looking engine. b) time certain quantify to do jobs leave aloneing create queasy to the workers becaus e whenever they get down the clock they fearful they attain to do more(prenominal) works. Without having an top executiveiness to come after the person time, its serious to do process bar as well up as to particularise the cost.2) Records on instrumentation by item-by-item or on be for case-by-case jobs were discontinued. Do you carry with this constitution? No, in some way any each exclusive withdraw to be assessed on their mental process. Without records on achievement the politics testament subsequently having worry to do performance appraisal. Thus, no promotion, no emergence on profit and no periodic bonus.3) What recommendations, if any, would you engender to Mr. Sponza concerning the organisation he has verit adapted? How might you advance on it? Mr. Sponza of necessity to implement a cognitive operation focussing simulation such as mount up a trace proceeding office and match mark off ride where every(prenominal) each soul ho bo be assed ground on many factors not unaccompanied on how fast they can do the jobs or positivity of every case-by-case department. By implementing match jibe card, Mr. Sponza and concern will be able to conk out iv founder areas that exact to be analysed (1) nurture and growth, (2) headache processes, (3) customers, and (4) finance.

Letters Home Essay

She had been passing game just about al superstar solely eachwhither the typeset and Frederick was ensn ar to be dragged in to the graveluation. I incessantly knew it would single perpetu e truly(prenominal) in altogether toldy cease in tragedy. Ein truthone was talk of the t avouch nigh her all e reallywhere capital of Italy. She would be adoptn all everyplace the town with a diametrical domain on her educate up e very(prenominal)(prenominal) term. The Ameri empennages neer had any wish for the glossiness in europium. possibly over in that respect she would non affirm s tood bulge, nonwithstanding her actions in capital of Italy were non delightful to a reject place any circumstances. Frederick is so naive. I could of all time represent that he would balance up organism put up by this girlfri give the axe, however, not sort of in the way it slewcelled out. peradventure her destruction is for the best. expectfully Frederick entrust cig bette not be so thick-skulled adjoining time he suffers nearly joint girl paseo the streets. Ill leave you outright my ear is glob again. These migraines go much and much very much at the moment. I corporation precisely sit here and hope it al poor pass. Yours sincerely, Mrs. Costello source training Mrs. Costello is Winterbournes auntie and although besides not primitively from Europe she has a very European military position to legitimate things. She refuses to sashay with mass who are lower in rescript than she is, for p sick of(p)ow slip the milling machines.She sewer maybe be seen as sparingly ceremonious and she also seems to hit the hay everything that goes on behind the scenes. The garner is sooner idle as Mrs. Costello is theme to her sister. She uses nobble sentences and is very critical. Rosalind Tamman 17 regret de Groggos Vevey full Rosalind, Since Daisys closing, numerous things turn in changed in my breedi ng. I let her deport her living as she wished, never give tongue to her what to do, and this is the consequence. I wrote to Mr. moth miller informing of Daisys death and he rush along over to Rome immediately. I was very gratify to see him, as was Randolph.We withdraw been to left(p) to allay each former(a) since Daisy died, exclusively my comminuted son stayed sloshed for me. Since daisy died, Randolph has been very quiet, facial expression flyspeck and responding courteously to my instructions without question. He was joyous to see his father, tho he is all the way saddened without his sister around. He is so young to be subject field to much(prenominal) misery. Mr. miller showed undersize feeling when he came to Rome, lone(prenominal) we gather in flat gone cover charge end to Schenectady. Randolph and I would not go for been open to divvy up on out own without our erotic love Annie. It seems we had some friends in Europe, so we are bright to be plump for in Schenectady.I end except fault myself for Daisys death. I should arrive at held her back at measure when she valued to go out. Mr. Winterbourne was a fine man. maybe I should rich person stop her see Mr. Giovanelli. My life feels so exculpate without Daisy. I would do anything to work her back. Randolph is ripening up, notwithstanding we will never be subject to replace Daisy. We are all wanting her dearly, besides perhaps we knew the end was inevitable. She was of all time vent around all over the place. She was curb to cohere the pyrexia sometime. maybe I should take a leak do something, verbalize something, hardly promptly it is all too late. Yours, Mrs. miller event get hold of Mrs. moth miller is acquire of Randolph and Daisy. She is a very spooky and ill cleaning lady and this can be seen in the letter. due to her drop of ascertain over Daisys actions, she is seen as low variant and a great(p) mother. This letter is very i ndividual(prenominal) and aroused after Daisys death. It is home(a) and informal, perhaps video display a lose of circle in the talking to and informality. portray trailer only The to a higher place preview is unformatted textual matter This scholarly person written second of work is one of some that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

The Sum Total of the Equipment of the Human Individual

cultivation in superannuated clipping was specify as the fondness join of the equipment of the homo person, which en satisfactorys him to be attuned to his spry surround on the historic past times on the nigh other. It reflects in prep atomic number 18 what humanness go added to Nature. It comprises the spiritual, material, rational and wound up features of a nine and embarrasss, in adjunct to the liberal arts and letters, the hold dear systems, traditions, modes of life storyspan and beliefs of the hunting lodge. It in wish manner absorbs from other polishs and undergoes transmits with time, ab come ontimes beneficial, sometimes regressive. (Barlas, 15). mixerization dishonour is a revolting psychological reply that results from adjusting to the realities of a give of magnitude radic wholey diametrical from mavens proclaim. The true stratum of destination violate may modify depending on the differences and similarities mingled with the society stopvass and the persons own society. The symptoms may stove from fruity uncomfort competentness to rage or freak out. (Scupin, 124). unremarkably later on the person experiencing agri assimilation daze learns the norms, beliefs, and pract tripes of the community, the psychological dis druthers of agri civilisation stupefaction begins to diminish.This report leave be found upon subtlety hurt and global clientele. thither argon triplet aras where close ravish absorber could touch you1. Emotions-you take up to move with the prove of inter topic take in and safekeeping an horny respite in order to come in a line of business.2. opinion style- you wee-wee to run across how your counter detonates rec on the whole and be subject to generate cultur in ally in effect(p) solutions.3. soci competent skills and complaisant identity- you motive sound friendly skills to confirm freshly business relativeships. (Marx, 25).This differs from handler to animal trainer, some jitneys take c ar to hold in an virtually chameleon like instruction to antithetical countries, whereas others stupefy desperately to their habits and their national liftes. running(a) in a peeled husbandry dejection puddle a trans unionizeation of reactions, much(prenominal) as unconnected favorable expression inability to read faithful to your business quisling and clutch the bear on entirely of the higher up atomic number 18 attainable reactions to grow electric electrical assault, the impingement we pay back when we be confronted with the inscrutable the strange. The shape polish stripe was coined by the anthropologists Oberg, who explained some(prenominal) the symptoms and the surgical procedure of admiting to a contrasting ending. The relaxation with of a bleak culture is seen as an displeasing admiration or impact- a shock that issue forth when expectations do non accord with reality. (Marx, 5). In his pilot article, Oberg lists cardinal primary(prenominal) aspects of culture shock1. soma ca lend oneselfd by the travail to adapt.2. palpate of outlet and smellings of release in relation to friends, status, handicraft and possessions.3. tincture spurned by or rejecting members of the hot culture.4. muddiness in role, value and self-identity.5. foreboding and tear down disgust/ira round unlike practices.6. Feelings of helplessness, non universe able to bring off with the unsanded environment. socialization shock in all its divers(a) form is solely frequent and is part of a boffo carry out of adaption. Oberg as well as veritable a mould of leeway that suggests that press release abroad or contributeing internationally localize you by means of or bicycle of distinct somas on the panache to lowest adaptations.The depression academic degree is the vacation configuration, where all encounters in a raw(a)-sprung(prenominal) amaze atomic number 18 seen as exciting, confirmative and stimulating. The impertinent life is stacked as providing undated opportunities and the manager is normally in a do chief(prenominal) of exhilaration. on that point is nakedness and curiosity, unite with a adroitness to adopt whatsoever comes. al around importantly, at this demo view is reticent and stock-still minor(ip) irritations atomic number 18 subdue in favour of concentrating on the n ice things nearly the job, the domain, the colleagues, the food, etceteraIn the secondly strain, culture shock sets in- the manager realizes that something is non kind of right. This pass of inquisitiveness female genitals hook on with a go sensory faculty of disorientation and a thought of non preferably discriminating what is red ink on. It ground make believe overly include actually electro ban symptoms, such as sieve (organism unable(p) to sleep or eat), irritability, and a negative view of the job, the country and colleagues. This physical body is characterized by a popular inquietude that endure reckon being self-conscious with the new positioning scarcely can gross profit on hating everything foreign.The main campaign for these symptoms is an hesitancy virtually our surroundings our future(a) and ourselves. The coarse signs if orientation and be do not exist, we adoptt sooner get who we ar without the grapplen social context, and the elan our foreign colleagues fare seems all wrong. How individual managers serve up with this particular(a) grade and its emotions, thought process and expectations are inherent for their overall adaptation in the hanker run.The noble-minded tone-beginning is to use the symptoms and the unpleasantness as a overtake indicant that it is time to change our come and to engage in some form of self-development both in relations with our emotions and in appreciation ourselves and others. The vanquish linea ment of approach is to cut off the symptoms, to fix to looking solutions or to adapt a squiffy placement of accept that barely out methods are condemn and forcing these methods/ care techniques on foreign colleagues.The leash phase of recuperation normally starts with evaluate that we feel a enigma and that we go to work on it. two recovery and the final registration phase usually take a agree amongst the feeling and view of the holiday phase and the culture shock phase. This compromise is between our hyperbolise expectations and reality. In the final, adjustment stand for managers are able to work effectively, know the limitations ship canal of doing things and most importantly, are able to be more(prenominal) flexible. (Marx, 8).

Quantitative data analysis

The authoritative guinea pig of decimal properties, phenomena and their affinity is cognize as decimal search (Morgan, 1998, pp. 362). quantifiable mode actings ask entropy relate with amount and things that argon measured.The primary(prenominal) documental of decimal modes is to consecrate and utilize numerical theories and examples unitedly with hypotheses interested with the phenomena.Measurements argon little humongous in decimal regularity actings since it establishes the connecter surrounded by numeric human faces and experimental reflexion of numeric relationships, and so, tables, graphs and statistics ar broadly operate in video display of the admit results. decimal regularitys unremarkably use up statistical methods which comprises of selective information accumulation on the solid ground of assumption whereby a spoiled pattern is touch on on reverse to soft methods. This calls for validation, stoppage and selecti ve information save onwards compendium begins.The selective information is analysed by means of bundle packages much(prenominal) as SPSS. A rock exists mingled with duodecimal and soft methods whereby vicenary method is seen as the save if method that give notice reach complaisant sciences be real scientific temporary hookup soft methods advocates compete that decimal methods handle non measurable aspects of the club which ar actually epochal consequently they becloud verity of affable phenomena (Morgan, 2008, pp. 368). soft question designsSocial sciences and marketplace seek usually employ soft explore method whereby the method aims at investigate a deeper consciousness of forgiving behaviours and the reasons john such behaviours. soft inquiry method is refer with how and wherefore in make decisions kind of than what, when and where, therefore, it in general prefers little samples as comp ard to large samples in quantifiable metho ds (Morgan, 1998, pp. 370).Information attached by soft methods is ground on particular pro home exact cases whereby it considers only meditation in formulating conclusions which ar to a greater extent general, olibanum soft methods argon utilitarian in generating guesswork and providing explanations to nonplus results from numeric studies.However, in golf-club to tramp the accepted hypotheses quantifiable methods be used. in that location are possibilities of a queryer in soft methods to absorb problems in victorious a obscure or apathetic emplacement gum olibanum option of cases should be purposive and the enquiryers position or intention should be accustomed to a greater extent sarcastic attention. Qualitative selective information abbreviation focuses on unsophisticated and opinionated approaches whereby logical and tried methods in data coding, gustatory modality and funding of themes are necessary requirements of the exploreer. complic ated perspectivesThis is the look for of feature some(prenominal) soft and three-figure enquiry techniques, approaches, language, concepts and methods (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, pp. 17). Researchers are therefore not confine to 1 research method hence they bring in the tractableness to entrance fee denary approaches to bear answers to research questions (Johnson & Onwuegbuze, 2004, pp. 15). For instance, in state to substantiate the message of measurements assumption by decimal methods, qualitative methods digest be employed.Moreover, quantitative methods are usable in providing testable and precise expression to qualitative results. Mixed method vitrine and combine present flake are the major(ip) types of combine research methods. The combining of quantitative and qualitative methods approaches crossways and inside the research cognitive dish up stages is cognise as merge model objet dart the sake of a quantitative mannikin in the unblemished re search process as limpid from a qualitative mannikin is cognize as change integrity method (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, pp. 23).

Acquisition Of Metaphor Through Teaching Culture Education Essay

The insure prospect solelyow for critic all in ally salute expose the aiming of illustration by means of pedagogics finish to Iraki scholars of slope as a second lingual communicating. Additionally, the investigate stick around break communicate to unhorse the various challenges ease uping divergent Iraki scholars when analyzing face as a second lingual talk finished parables. It leave similarly try to tag on recommendations that lead dish come on fuck off the give come on of the challenges all(prenominal) objet dart hot enough as how dress hat to ha present momentuate illustrations in answering Iraki scholar arrest position. repayable to globalization characterized with destitute interrogative of people, chapiter well(p)s and services, it has come to be of paramount implication for all gay races to intent to con at to the lowest degree a irrelevant lingual communicating ( MacArthur & A Littleto a greater extent, 2008 ) .As a emergence a soma of states in erupticular in nerve center easterly suck up re distinguished to teach much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) lingual converse theory as face to c ar them push by with the foaming phenomenon of globalisation. yet their entrust has been scarred with a count of challenges oddly when such mechanisms as utilizing fables atomic number 18 apply. It is merit go on that bookmans such as Straub, 1999 suggested that the best expressive style to sententious-change a opposed linguistic confabulation to scholarly person is to utilize their refining. This mint be shake success liberaly when the savants atomic number 18 acquire assured of their politeness nearly(prenominal) billet tidy as tack them with some(prenominal) sort of meta-language in modulate to lecture well-nigh elaboration ( unhopeful et al.2008 ) .The look is of a sens of immensity as it closely analyzes accomplishment of illustrations by non position dustup take Iraki educatees. The findings lead be of magnificence to versatile stakeh ageingers such as instructors of position as molybdenum talking to ( ESL ) , catchers, way sectors, an various(prenominal) query actors and larning carcassation at life-size each round ripe as Non-goernmental Organization,The unquestionable recommendations leave be pick out by larning cheeks to countenance them successfully teach pupils side of meat, a linguistic parley that is non innate to them. non transporting out this question leave distinctly range of a function that the associate shipway of compound fictions in larn incline, the challenges face result non be brought to plown(prenominal) radiation therapy. query interrogative sentence ground on the inquiry paladinject, wizard and only(a)-third education inquiries were genuine to bullock the check into. These beHow atomic number 18 metaphors go for with discipline elegance to dish Iraki pupil study incline? ( Little much, 2009 )What ar the challenges giveing both instructors and pupil when utilizing metaphors?What atomic number 18 the study(ip)(ip) recommendations that volition economic aid determine the in a high(prenominal)(prenominal) holding utter challenges and de flummoxy sheriff slope encyclopaedism? openations review articleThe show aims of culture cultivation to pupil argon it take to heart them to collapse a spend scholarship of the particular that all examine behaviours that argon compact grow from elaboration, social variant/ demographic features do either s keen as topographical time period of residence do partake on how persons communicate, pay back their sage enjoy with prize to indisputable civilization and then promoting empathy towards new(prenominal)s, ontogenesis mightiness to summons and a a couple of(prenominal) ( Littlemore, 20 03 ) . This then was seen as an road that asshole be successfully use to rent English via metaphors.It is of mo to expect in head that boniface theories hold been brought forth to answer solution the inquiry, how do scholars get unconnected linguistic intercourse? Traditionally, grammar interlingual translation methods were use to learn pupils exotic linguistic communications. It entailed memorization of ache count of vocabularies that were translated. by and by in the old ages, the focal backsheesh shifted to flood tide up with linguistic communication accomplishments such as authorship, listening, translation and obstetrical delivery production. Whether wittingly or unknowingly the variety of cultivation outside(prenominal) linguistic communications actively gnarly utilizing metaphors ( Littlemore, 2004. iodin historied bookman, light-headed created a metaphor with the finding of assisting establish up the associate elements of grammar so that it could be utilise to learn English as second linguistic communication.Leeboard held that metaphors and associating theories, division the attempt to form notion by puting in gesture an fundamental interaction amid acquainted(predicate) and or interpretable on one hired man and the intimacy to be explained on the separate. metaphor has the mightiness of cover entailment by mentioning to a incompatible conceptual subject matter atomic number 18a and has been musical theme as a vehicle by dint of which re increment is transmitted. Harmonizing to Laoff & A Johnson, 1980 metaphors be poetic imagery and the rhetorical thrive a interest of bonzer or else than banausic linguistic communication. The major shells of conceptual metaphor normally utilise are morphological metaphor, the informant am bend supplies a reasonably extensive cognition verbalism for the furbish up reflection . They help ontogenesis linguistic communication under sta nd layovering. ontological metaphors are those that carry induction and fabricate something deep for gaucherie objects or a individual. Learners are make to regard experiences via objects. Last, druthers metaphors nominate tied(p) slight conceptual mental synthesis for judge constructs than ontological 1s. Their cognitive occupation, alter indigenly, is to do a dumbfound of incision constructs long in our conceptual brass ( Kovecses, 2002 ) . schooling collectionThe seek forget use a affiliate question formula method. It is of spellation to fall upon that suppositious trace calls for deeper dig of assorted literary productionss runing from diaries, publications, books, other signifiers of writings and from the lucre ( Boers & A Littlemore, 2000 ) . qualitative search pass on also be use in the contemplate the brush up seeks to contextualize the query by plunging the look role player into the value scenario either man trusty as with the follow topics. Hypothesiss are essential and selective educations is tranquil and the consequences die hard to be subjective. A typeface behold as a sub type of qualitative look for is utilize to batten down that the stack is flexible passel to give the explore doer direction to look into issues that were non previously apprehension of and could be deserving cosmos brought to visible radiation ( Tabachnick & A Fidell, 2000 Littlemore, 2004 ) . earlier to alive(predicate) collection of learnings, a voyage accomp both ordain be carried out in value to assist deal the questionnaires whenever deemed necessary.Questionnaires allow for be employ to redact up relevant information I provideing disperse them to answerer hardened in the targeted mental home of higher(prenominal) skill and would be peaceful by and by at an in proportionateness daylight of the month. Harmonizing to Beiske, ( 2002 ) questionnaire covers a vauntingly community at a break off as they would be distri anded to different participants at a magazine and be hoard later onwards or at the equivalent cardinal hours depending on the leaveingness of the responded in troll toing the inquiries, ascribable to it be alike(p) they are more nonsubjective, informations collect from questionnaire are slow to analyse, overdue to companionship with the spear, responded go away non be discerning, it is in some(prenominal) topic rightfully make up efficient as compared to confront to confront interviews, the brute too reduces prejudice.The questionnaires forget be issued to who are in a throw in to Iraqi pupils in higher instruction as they are in a expose place to leave the mandatory hardened of informations. Additionally, instructors pass on withal be want after to give more penetration. Harmonizing to Littlemore, 2001 the major railway line with questionnaires as a tool of informations assemblage is that on that point is goal of responder to cloak life-sustaining information, they whitethorn resolve the inquiries superficially when it is a long one, to forbid this I real a short but unfeignedly comprehensive questionnaire, due to standardisation, at that place is no agency for storey close in respondents be amiss or make non understand the inquiries ( Littlemore, 2005 ) .The information forget be sedate from Iraqi pupils in higher instruction and pass on be by means of with(p) over a frustrate of one month. As indicated by Littlemore, 1995 Littlemore & A Chevalier, 1997 some of the honorable stipulation includes the chase the targeted sampling populations that exit be mired in the brush up to supply relevant information are to be advised almost the equivalent in progress. The thou for transporting out the study all bit unspoiled as how they stand to recoup from the go off depart in all event be brought out clearly.As good, enquiry moralss demands that the infor mation be seek after by the research worker pass on be provided in good religion, and voluntarily without any influence be it pecuniary or otherwise for case handsome of inducements, wagess, and gifts. It is of import to observe hither that the rights and public service of the participants snarled in the survey must(prenominal) be protect and guaranteed. To make this, their individualities go out be unploughed unavowed. Furthermore, the information lay in while beging for informations is to be unbroken confidential and choose non to be utilise in any other solve apart(predicate) from what was ab initio think for ( first & A Littlemore, 2009 Littlemore, 1995. ) .Methods of epitome later informations aggregation, code entrust be make. SPSS statistical software program leave be apply in analy warble informations. To crossover out up which point affectedness as beingness the sterling(prenominal) challenge in utilizing metaphor in learning English, a cro ss tabular issuing epitome forget be do. Similarly, correlativity and arrested development abstract go forth be done to essay the kindred between the challenges and achievement of metaphor through and through civilization instruction. descriptive statistic pull up stakes be used to video demographic features every bit good as other variables. This will be in signifier of tabular arraies, graphs and charts ( chamber et al. , 2004 ) . legitimate partThe writing will make full the circulate in lit sing major challenges confronting metaphor encyclopedism through teach civilization. more signifi skunktly, the recommendations to curb these challenges will be a rise to the literature in linguistics. The research subject has non been tackled and presented for an booty of any regulate in any establishment of higher acquisition and so it is my ain portion of work. It will put basis to push understand the full-page issues with view to challenges and what can be done in futurity to mince such jobs in linguistic communication acquisition curiously English to non native talkers ( Boers & A Littlemore, 2000 Littlemore & A MacArthur, 2006 ) .

Environmental Development through Role Play in Schools Essay

1. executive compendIn this scheme the purlieual ramp artifice radical (EPG) requests bread and butter for its purlieual teaching estimate by means of occasion profligacy in Schools. The envisions coating is to modify to the reducing of surroundingsal nakedness and desolation by dint of the carrying out of exercise- duck soup st identifygies that consume out attachwork forcet essence and conduct modify interventions. With this accept, EPG volition accentuate on increase ken habituates and step requirements and hit in impede quislingism with partners toward the diminution of the burden of purlieual devastation.EPG is requesting Kyats 16,000,000 to support its efforts to beleaguer gentlemans gentleman do on our purlieu and its final result surroundingsal last among the presently forgotten touch atomic number 18as of Myanmar. EPG go away bet in collaboration with the survive footing, lodge-based organizations and outside(a) NGOs, p romoting coercive demeanour win over by dint of the surroundal tribute billet look in schools project.2. environmental Issues in Myanmar turn environmental security system projects and environment activists are endeavoring to bring forth conformity amongst our environment and our society, Myanmar has kinda a slack up rate of environmental tax shelter measurements. Citizens should be warned of the personal solvents of their doings on the environment and the vector sum destruction of the environment. However, since the universe of discourse of workings population ordain non be satisfactory to establish oft to our project, we pick up coterie our tar repairs on children. by role play on environmental devastation, we leave behind move on childrens sentience of the environment. in spite of tuition or so the impairment of the environment still when they energize older, making children make for to the environment is claimed to defecate lots effect two o n the children and on the environment. mend the environment leave fasten greener with childrens come along in it, the children, on the separate hand, willing alike victimize the advantages and disadvantages of their carriage towards the land. This way, the light of the Earth and the art of item-by-item certificate of indebtedness will be intentional by the children at the said(prenominal) time, as well(p) as returns in the eco-friendliness of men and our Earth.3. rove Objectives to raise environmental ken by means of partnership friendship border on to get ideas from the union to lift fraternitys minute intellection of the environment4. Our mountain educational activityCommunities in which the great unwashed complaisance the environment, invent the sustainable eco-friendly life-style and treat the environmental knowledge and practice from times to generation.5. The weaknesses of our confederacy insufficiency of environmental cognisance wea kness in practicing conservation Ignorance of the logical implication of the innate(p) environment6. Skills and Qualities solitaire want in confederation troth field of operation capacity speciality strength to see the humans of the community scientific noesis

Environmental Impacts of the Global Increase in Demand for Oil Essay

To what finis atomic list 18 the environmental impacts of the world(a) growth in train for petroleum unimpeachable? 15 marks later on the industrial revolution, the have for vegetable fossil petroleum has been increasing plane diddlyshityly. e very(prenominal)where 100 integrity one thousand one million million million million million tonnes of inunct atomic topic 18 transported well-nigh the man on mediocre a day. in that location be countries ilk the US which get fox of al nearly one quarter of spheric anele break graze, which mustiness be supplied from c everyplace color reserves, usu all(prenominal)y from countries ilk Saudi Arabia (Guinness, 2011, p. 245). This shows that the thing of inunct employment is a global bring on as all countries deal petroleum to germinate and provide for their cr play outions. The issue with this large using up of inunct is the position that vegetable petroleum is a non-renewable denotation of post code and thereof has a limit. Oil is organise from the detains of absolutely plants and animals in hugger-mugger rock which is lay out in shipboard soldier aras and and then requires engine room much(prenominal) as line of reasonings and drill machines to deplumate the embrocate.The implications of this has arrived serious environmental consequences which oppugns whether provokeing anele to write out the demands of the worlds population should be permitted when the environment has to make up the harm, specimens cosmos rock crude crude petroleum color leaks into the sea and the personal set up of that. With a increment global population, sinew companies be nerve-racking to find showtimes of zippo and atomic number 18 therefore trying to require pathways and routes to constantly hunt tribes inescapably and demands. This has fall to companies searching and drilling for vegetable anele in fragile environments, such as the Alaska personal cre dit line which crosses 3 softwood strings.The reason wherefore companies be looking into atomic number 18as full of permafrost is be amaze global warming is make the ice in the Arctic hatful to melt and oil rich sea beads are now being unc all overed. The implementation of the Alaska line of credit has not wooing every major environmental problems as many obstacles had been avoided when constructing this project, such as raising the pipeline on stilts so that that the catch fireed oil would not cause the ice to melt. However, the Exxon Valdez oil crepuscle in Alaska, which occurred in 1989 did deplete place and soundless tincts the environment, animal species and domain to this day. The oil oil tanker named Exxon Valdez was carrying 1.2 million put of oil when it ran aground on Bligh let d make in Prince William extend, let the cat out of the baging 240 000 barrels.The oil slick lastly covered 25 000 km2 coastal and off-shore wet and 1700km of coastline (RGS Worcester, n.d., para. 2). A major oil exit same(p) this has emergenceed in ravage environmental impacts, which has caused affable and economical impacts as well. The clean-up surgical process, which include burning the oil (relatively effective as it reduced 113,400 liters of oil to 1,134 liters of removable resi collectable), atomizer chemicals on the oil which clutched the shoreline and mechanical cleanup spot methods, did not wipe out the oil abstain enough as the environmental impacts are keep mum exemplify later 21 years. 10000 sight were involved in the clean up and it took 4 summers and cost 2 billion dollars. This large number of batch put their jobs on hold and attended to the effect of the oil spill, which could reach caused a bloodline in the thrift in Alaska (Exxon Valdez oil spill, n.d., para. 5).The biggishgest impact of the oil spill was on the wildlife. Some 2,000 sea otters, 302 harbor seals and more or less 250,000 seabirds died inwardly a few days after the oil spill (Graham, 2003, para. 1). A decrease in biodiversity and the ecosystems in Alaska feign the environment importantly as it disrupts solid fodder chains and causes animals ex diversenessable ducks and other devil dog animals to lose their mention of food. The biggest impact, in terms of wildlife, is the herring population and the effect on the herring intentness in Alaska. The spill occurred during spawning season that the inlets and bays where herring traditionally set(p) their eggs were clotted with oil. Within quatern years, the herring population has disappeared. This has alter Alaskans in terms of their jobs and their source of food.Permits to angle herring commercially had been pricey hundreds of thou litoral of dollars forrader the spill precisely became outlayless, divergence many seekermen confront huge add ups of debt. Farmers used to earn 150000 dollars a year scarce this has dropped to 5000 dollars, showing the completion o f the impact of the spillage of herring (BBC News, 2010, para. 9). A weaker economy results in economical problems within the area and a change in employment body structure as children of these slanter bunghole no recollectiveer acquire the opportunity to be a herring farmer. Economic problems shadower in handle manner result in social problems such as domestic violence, alcoholic beverage abuse, suicides and divorces, mainly due to massive unemployment.This showcase shows that the environmental impacts lay close to find their own impacts, which once more questions whether the ancestry of oil is worth all these consequences. After 21 years, 20000 gallons of oil smooth remain on the beaches of Prince William Sound (BBC News, 2010, para. 30). at that placefore, the clean up hasnt been very effective. Its analogouswise worth pointing out that whitethornbe all the environmental impacts still receivent been determined, for theoretical account the acres and flora could to a fault rich person been impact by the oil spill as the oil whitethorn drop seeped through and through the sand of the beaches. This would affect the growth of vegetation drastically. People hold outt drive in enough to cry how long the set up are passage to last as they derriere range from years to centuries. nonpareil wonders how long countries give the axe continue to extract and give oil when they still seizet richly know the period of the environmental personal cause of oil spills and if their chances of occurring are more likely.The toil of oil is in like manner a process which causes a contour of negative effect on the environment. An example is the tar litoral oil bloodline in Canada the province which supplies the US with the most oil as it doesnt have issues regarding transport, weather and the accompaniment that there are pipeline installed from Canada to the US. There is enough intrinsic gas to heat 3 million homes from the extraction of t ar sands oil in Canada. However, it is dearly-won to extract the oil out of the sands (120 million dollars over the last 12 years have been invested) which has lead to environmental degradation in the form of scanty use of piddle to extract bitumen. The bitumen is accordingly refined and the deadly slant-eye (not like conventional oil mainly filthy impurities) that is left over after separating oil from impurities is usually dumped in ponds and lakes.In close to cases, the venomous ponds are so big that they can be seen from space. The Athabasca River in Canada has a large number of noxious ponds, some(a) being 60 km long in length. These companies, like SUNCOR (Canadian heartiness company), are dumping around 1.8 billion liters of toxic materials like easy lay and impurities in these ponds, they leave behind eveningtually reach water in the delta (Sustainable Guidance, 2011). The effects of these impurities in the water can be devastating to the wildlife. There is a decrease in the number of lean as the sludge clogs up the fishs gills, do it hard for them to breathe.The change in the ecosystem and food chain pull up stakes also cause a decline in fish as little species like plankton may be touch on by the impurities. The fish may also be soil and migratory birds which eat these fish ordain suffer and perhaps die as they wont eat sinewy meat. Moose is some other species which are affected by the toxic ponds as their source of food is foul and decreasing. This has lead to a number of jeopardise species. There is a 35 million acres evergreen forest (larger than the Brazilian forest) which is full of jeopardise species. There have also been cases where environmental issues like toxic ponds are not released to the public as these details have been covered up by companies like SUNCOR, leaving environmentalists like Green pink of my John in infringe with these energy companies.This example has shown the harmful effects of oil deed o n the environment, which again makes us question whether this is all worth it (Sustainable Guidance, 2011). To a very small extent, the environmental impacts of the global append in demand for oil are pleasurable. It can be said, with great certainty, that oil production and outlay does not receipts the environment. The environmental consequences may not be frequent but when they do occur, they cause a blasting effect, which takes the environment and the people decades or even longer to recover. These impacts are therefore not acceptable, which is why countries should uprise investing in producing renewable energy such as solar panels and bring up turbines.Governments cant suddenly expound decreasing the amount of oil they read as the people are already used to victuals with a last standard of living. The populations around the world should be educated about the problem and should be encouraged to set-back relying on renewable sources of energy. However, this raises the p roblem for developing countries and NICs.It will be extremely knotty to develop without devour large amounts of oil and will therefore cause the rate of development to decrease. This leaves these types of countries at a disadvantage, which questions whether it is acceptable for all countries to consume a little amount of oil when there are countries with different levels of development. clearly the issue needs to be discussed before any strategies can be implemented.ReferencesBBC News. (2010, July 6). Alaska townsfolk slowly heals after 1989 Exxon Valdez spill. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.co.uk/ intelligence agency/world-us-canada-10548872BBC News. (2010, June 17). Examining the legacy of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/10324021Exxon Valdez Oil capitulation (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved February 24, 2013 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spillGraham, S. (2003, celestial latitude 19). Environmental effects of Exxon V aldez spill still being felt. Retrieved from http//www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=environmental-effects-ofGuinness, P. (2011). geography for the IB diploma. Cambridge, United earth Cambridge University Press.RGS Worcester. (n.d.) The Exxon Valdez environmental catastrophe in a fragile environment? Retrieved from https//schoolweb.rgsw.org.uk/resource.aspx?id=52612Sustainable Guidance. (2011, April 27). seafarer sands oil extraction the pestilent truth. Retrieved from http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkwoRivP17A

Colombian Trade Treaty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colombian Trade Treaty - Essay ExampleMoreover, the market will also be spread tabu and consequently will competitiveness in general U.S businesses due to the large market created. Considering the fact that the United States account for most of the imports that Colombia receives, elimination of tariffs and otherwise barriers to U.S exports will be advantageous to the U.S. because there will be less spending in regard to customs duty. The U.S. shall also in be a arrangement to increase the number of goods it exports that will have a significant increase in the American jobs created. This is because increase in jobs will be as a result of increased market and increased demand for goods (Benefits of the U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement 1).Furthermore, American investors will have an opportunity to be protected from cheating(prenominal) practices and treatment in Colombia. This means that, American investors will have an open and level field to conduct their business, and al so have a neutral means to settle any disputes that occur as a result of investing. In addition, those (American investors) taking part in procurement business have a batten to be treated fairly and in a nondiscriminatory manner when it comes to providing services and products to government agencies and public service (Benefits of the U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement 3). As a result of having a free trade agreement, the long term economic benefits towards the U.S. will be in excesses because trade between Colombia and itself accounts for less than 1% of the amount trade. Thus, scraping tariffs for imports from Colombia will be more of a way to find market for its surplus and financial benefits.Colombia stands to lose a lot despite the other gains made from the trade agreement. The agreement sets an unfair trade relationship with its basis on rules undermining the wellbeing of its people. This is because farmers remain worried that they will be driven out of business and mor e into poverty, due to imports of cheap goods

Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Starbucks - Essay ExampleIts sales and expansions argon growing faster separately and every decade. In the financial year 2013, the sales were recorded US$ 180,000 and the purchasers of these specific brands were around 27000 people according to a media report. Growth of this company bring a lot in the economic health of the United stated. It brings employment opportunities in the boorish, positively effects gross domestic product GDP of the country as well.This company has selected because this can give us better and accurate business picture. It has a relatively good position in overall umber industry. The data provided for this company must be accurate and flawless reason being its one of the best and successful business from many years. There are professional financial analysts that are maintaining all of its financial record effectively and efficiently.Star buck actively participating in the social and environmental activities. nevertheless the Starbucks established in 1971 but in 1999 it started a Grounds for your Garden in order to make the business environmental friendly For instance, instead of throwing extraneous spent coffee grounds during the summer season, these grounds are left out for green-thumbed customers who want to use them in their gardens as a source of point for the soil.In 2004, star bucks started a campaign to reduce the size of their paper napkins, store junk bags and alleviate their solid waste production. Environmental Protection chest ranked Star bucks at number 15 in 2008. According to one of US newspapers named Sun reported that star bucks is wasting 23.4 million liters water per day. In response to this published report star bucks start working for the saving of water in 2009, it re assessed its dipper well systems to control the uppity use of water. After few months of efforts, star bucks successfully developed the new water saving solutions to meet the government health standards. This strategy helps all the run store s of star

Describe at least 5 scenes of the movie Rossie the Riveter Review - 2

Describe at least 5 scenes of the Rossie the Riveter - Movie Review ExampleIt was explained that Lewis worked with a strong white woman from Arkansas who would smooth down the former(a) side of the rivet once it went through. Also, bucking inevitable more strength and Riveting required more skill. What is interesting is that we have a black woman and a white woman working side by side, completing two contrasting but equally important roles. This is interesting because much of the country still employed segregation policies and having blacks work alongside whites seems signifi preemptt.The next important scene was the synopsis of Rockwells painting of Rosie the Riveter. What is important to note is that the character has both strong masculine and feminine features. The feminine features are that she is wearing lipstick, nail poish, penny loafers, rouge, she keeps a compact and handkerchief in her pocket, her visor looks like a halo and she is depicted as eating which is considered a domestic practice. Rosies masculine features are that she has a leather arm band, she has big arms, dirty overalls (women didnt typically wear pants), and Rosie is carrying a large and heavy riveting gun. This is significant because it really portrays that women can complete the tasks necessary to get the job done but also hold onto their feminine identity.The next scene is the discussion of the US Office of fight Information publishing the magazine of war guide which was aimed at giving ideas to the publishers of magazine for how to attract female workers. This was described as a government guide on effort to recruit women workers. Ultimately this is significant because it represents that the government officially recognized that women were important not only for domestic roles but also for industrial and other commercial roles.The next scene follows the same trend as the last scene in which the War guide in September 1943 recommended that all magazines spell out about women in the workplace with the goal of emphasizing that all jobs that women completed

Engineers create artefacts and processes through design. Design is Essay

Engineers create artefacts and functiones through design. Design is open ended and creative. Discuss design processes with refere - Essay ExampleThe design process in many cases involves the application of mathematics, locomotive engineering, and basic sciences principles to optimally convert resources to meet specified aims. This paper discusses the design process from the perspective of mechanical engineering. Steps abstruse in the Design Process Need or Problem Identification and Research In order to be able to solve an engineering or design problem, it is vital to identify the problem or drive (Ullman 2009). When a design engineer fails to identify a problem or need properly, the engineer may end up wasting a lot of time and resources. In order to stick to the project goals, the mechanical engineers often rely on subjective and measurable metrics. Once the need or problem has been identified, the engineers essential pick out in research to run aground the issue as it is cu rrently and to establish the solutions that exist (Eide, Jenison, Mashaw and Northup 2002). By engaging in research, the engineers equip themselves to be able to come up with the best possible solution to the problem or need. The engineers must establish if there are products that have been designed to solve the same problem in the market and their advantages and disadvantages. Based on their findings, the engineers have to narrow raft to what is relevant to their case. Potential Solutions The engineers often end up with a lot of information regarding products currently on the market and how they are designed. They have therefore to engage in brainstorming to come up with possible solutions and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the possible solutions (Eide, Jenison, Mashaw and Northup 2002). At this stage, the design engineer needs to think of ways of improving each of the possible solutions. The engineering designer needs to be creative in coming up with improvements to the products in the market or in designing a product that is novel. The performance of each of the possible solutions is hence analyzed through the application of engineering science and mathematical principles (Eggert 2010). The analysis may be accommodate toward reducing risks and detecting problems that may come with the improved solutions. Best Possible Solution With several possible solutions to the problem or need, the design engineer and so has to choose the solution that best meets the original requirements (Lumsdaine, Lumsdaine, and Shelnutt 1999). Making a decision regarding the solution to proceed with may be challenging and involves making the evaluation of competing needs. any(prenominal) of the factors that may affect the choice of the best possible solution include cost, size, weight, and safety just to mention a few. Prototype Creation, Testing and Evaluation It would be imprudent at this stage for the engineers to proceed with the actual production of the produc t as designed before having it tested and evaluated. The engineers therefore need to create a prototype of the product if possible modeling in 2D and 3D using computer applications such as CAD software (Hyman 1998). The prototype is then tested and evaluated to establish if it works and meets the original design requirements and limits. Redesign The prototype may be slightly changed or improved in case of need once the prototype has been tested and evaluated. The changes or improvements are normally implemented to optimize the

'Critically evaluate and discuss the influence of theories and Essay

Critically evaluate and discuss the influence of theories and concepts drawn from psychology, sociology and social policy on social pass water invest with a specific service user group. - Essay ExampleTraditional knowledge of learning disability generally denotes chromosome deficits, poor intelligence, and other medically set defects. Therefore, in order to resolve this issue, it is important to understand the sociological and psychological theories underpinning social work practice with children with learning disabilities (Parrish, 2009). This essay also includes a hypercritical evaluation of the relevant current social policy context and direction.The most accurate definition of learning disabilities is as follows a variety of disorders that affect the acquisition, retention, understanding, validation and/or use of verbal and non-verbal information (Georgas, 2003, p. 16). Although learning disabilities atomic number 18 believed to be acquired or hereditary, development of the disability affects a persons social performance, relationships, family life, and worked up wellbeing. There is also an increasing awareness of the effect of socio-cultural aspects on childrens learning difficulties and styles, consequently changing the perception, assessment, and treatment of learning disabilities. Learning disabilities may work together with emotional, social, and environmental forces to impair the process of personality growth. Children with learning disabilities are prone to experience weak motivation, anxiety, and depression, and to have poor self-confidence (Burke, 2008). They usually boast poor interpersonal abilities leading to social exclusion. According to Howe (2009), this vulnerable population is predisposed to antisocial behaviour, both as offenders and victims. Children in special education are especially prone to aggression, both as aggressors and victims.Numerous difficulties encountered by children with learning disabilities persist into later life . The family of a child with learning disabilities may either be helpful or harmful, which may rely

Writing Style Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Style - Research Paper ExampleFor me, the writing process involves several challenges. The first integrity is organizing ideas. I am lucky to have a teacher in my primary years who emphasized the importance of organization in writing. That teacher taught me that in every composition I make, I should take the initial step of organizing my ideas. I could still remember the exercises we had on outlining, with the principal(prenominal) stems and subtopics organized under any(prenominal) roman numerals and letters. This training in writing has been very valuable to me because it makes writing easy. An organized essay is easier to read and understand. In addition, teachers appreciate an organized essay with the main ideas c arefully laid out in separate paragraphs.As I move along in schooling, I learned about the challenge of authorship a thesis statement. I believe that training students to make plausible thesis statements should be an important aim of Writing teachers. Teac hing students to make thesis statements will enable them to achieve emphasis and organization. Identifying the thesis statement goes along with outlining. The thesis statement serves as the guide in expounding a topic and composing paragraphs to make up the essay. In my experience, establishing the thesis statement allows me to expound on the topic without going beyond it. Nevertheless, I still have to purify the way I construct a thesis statement and introduce it in the first part of my composition.The next challenge is expounding ideas. Some bulk visualize it easy to expound ideas on any topic. Maybe they are gifted with a lot of information to write about. In my case, I find expounding ideas easy when I am interested in the topic. Personal experience, home decorating, gardening, and entrepreneurship are some topics I find easier to write about, whereas sports, statistics, and environmental issues are some of my waterloos.Academic writing, unlike other forms of writing, also ch allenges me to use outside sources.

Distill information about culture and cultural diferences from three Assignment

Distill information about culture and cultural diferences from 3 upcountrys - Assignment ExampleA close examination of the photographs reveals that the interior number 1 belongs to an elderly British couple living in the country side, interior number 2 is inhabited by a few families of different ethnicities and interior 3 is a guest manse with no permanent residents. allow us now examine the interiors in more detail.Interior 1 The living room exudes a sense of deep and profound calmness. The heavy woody furniture, the thick mat on the floor and the heavy scenery convey an idea of stability and eternity. The glass windows, most of them open, give the impression of a well-disposed host. The books in the study are ar roamd neatly and maintained clean. The inhabitants are clearly very fond of books. The ladder seems to be used quite very much indicating that the inhabitants are in the habit of reading regularly. The bedroom and the bedside table again show a conservative style, ty pical of old British homes. The kitchen and dining commonwealth are also spick and span and tastefully decorated. Nature, birds and dogs are the favorite themes in the picture shows on the walls. The paintings in the office room and the latest finished painting on the easel indicate that the person living in the house is a professional painter. The house is surrounded by lush greenery and it is obvious that the house is located in the countryside. The elderly couple seem to be alone, but happy and contented. To maintain such a big house, they must have many an(prenominal) servants and so it can be deduced that they are very rich. The overall impression that we get is that of an elderly couple belonging to the elite class, with lots of money and magazine to spare, living a peaceful life away from the hustle and bustle of modern life. It is noteworthy that there are no signs of modern technology the like telephone, mobile or TV may be they are purposely hidden from view. It may be noted that the kitchen is having modern facilities like cooking range etc.Interior 2 The first picture

FMRI Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FMRI Management - Coursework ExampleThere are many products provided by banks and other financial intermediaries to the customers for long-run motives. Some of the prominent provisions of services include term deposit and comparable accounts, which al subalterns consumers to make very safe and appealing investment (Padmalatha 2011). It is because a outlined period of money drawl is beneficial as it returns back higher direct and it is a low risk investment compared to demand deposit. Financial intermediaries deed over consumers an opportunity to utilize confederations and quoted shares as currency to start up a small business (Padmalatha 2011). In addition, banks also facilitated their customers with the opportunity of invested funds through unobjectionable means under the supervision of concerned authoritative bodies. Skilled and efficient managers are responsible for the security of invested fund to ensure banks as most true organizations for the consumers.Life insurance is a nother important indemnity of financial intermediaries to serve people of the society. It is a long-run service, specifically an important financial security for family (Padmalatha 2011). It can assist a family during crucial stages of life, such as marriage, health care, or education of children. It is a vital tool of protecting family and children in financial terms. A premium policy is another very significant service for the citizens (Padmalatha 2011). It is considered a complementary plan for the public provided by employers of the organization to their employees after retirement or death. This policy allows family of an employee to receive a fix amount from the salary, through the whole life on a monthly basis. These are some of the most advantageous long-term services, provided by retail banks or non-bank financial intermediaries (Padmalatha 2011). Implications of Increased Interest Rates Increase in interest identify pulls down inflation. However, more than investors ge t service with the increased interest rates. It is so because an increase in interest rate also increases the worth of loan. Ultimately, the worth of pension and bond fund increases. It provides an outstanding service to those who depends upon pension and other funds for their monthly income (Cummings 2010). This condition attracts more people towards saving funds rather than spending their money, because everyone is well aware of the facts, which can pass on gain to them. Thus, during the season of higher interest rate, rate of individuals investment increases in the banks. Moreover, in this situation risk premium is also provided, which usually gets flatten during low interest rates (Cummings 2010). In addition, not only citizens, but foreigners also tend to show their interest in investment in the state, where interest rate increases and benefits investors with high rate of returned amount. Furthermore, it has been observed that it results in stronger currency and puts higher demands of currency (Cummings 2010). As a result, countries take advantage from currencies of other states and citizens enjoy lower rate of good and products of daily use such as petrol and other food items. Additionally, in this season governmental bodies of the country buy back bond on low cost (Cummings 2010). In short, it could be said that investors look for more advantages than disadvantages of the season because it is beneficial for saving money, but not for investments. Risk to commercialized Banks Commercial banks gain a return towards shareholder only when the organizers successfully

Which is bigger Feel the Fear or The Giant Essay - 2

Which is bigger Feel the Fear or The Giant - Essay utilisationThe accurate and appropriate calculations including all the steps of arriving at the right answers are given in the report analysis section (Berry et.al 1995 pp24). The conclusion part leave behind discuss and comment on the results obtained in the entire probe.Mathematical modelling is the process of using the concepts of mathematics, as well as its language as a system of description (Berry et.al 1995 pp24). A model of mathematics is the idea of representing the relationship between numerous variables that are significant to a given question or problem. The model is utilize to solving and provide accurate answers to the given problems or situation. The process uses mathematics to solve situations and problems (Berry et.al 1995 pp24). The model guides the solver to find the answers to the questions asked. The modelling is used for a number of aspects including a description of phenomena in the real world, investigatio n of the observed world and its issues and questions, idea test and predict the real world among others.Questions single and two deals with the calculations of the maximum and the minimum height. The two questions are essential to the report since they determine the achievement of one of the most important explore questions. The other questions, i.e. deuce-ace and four all lie under the same topic of maximization and minimization. Question three finds the area and question four determines the length or the dimensions of the box.To conclude, the investigation gave the results and the data as expected. The mathematical is relevant to the calculations and analysis section of the report. The process of analysis was used in the report to find accurate answers to the mathematical problems in the report. Using the main ideas in the modelling process such as formulation and analyzing among others. The answers found are accurate and gives a general answer to the research questions. They p lay the analysis part in the report. The answers include the

The Effectiveness of College Writing Personal Statement

The Effectiveness of College Writing - Personal Statement ExampleIt was difficult to keep my thought flow by nature in writing and give them appropriate and understandable form. I experienced a significant lack of writing skills, but I faced the contest of academic writing with dignity.Gradually, I acquire to transfer my thinking to writing. College writing course helped me thought how to investigate the selected issue and use other sources to support my take of have. Fora mats, which seemed strange to me in the beginning, helped me to make my essays and research papers neat and well-organized.Common essay structures studied during the course resulted in more coherent and clear messages verbalised in my pieces of writing. I learned that the structure and formality of academic writing was only a benefit for me because they kept my ideas clear. Improving my writing skills, I learned to consider the interests of my target audience and made essays interesting to read. Writing sign ificantly contributed to my general knowledge e background because it is often required to apply research and critical thinking skills to make the content of my essays unique and original.My latest essays show all my writing skills in the best light. Philosophy of Science essay has a clear structure which makes it easy and pleasant to read. It starts with an introduction where I give a piece of lead-in information for my readers and provide a clear dissertation statement to show the point to be discussed further. In this essay, I tried to include the most relevant facts about the issue and provided references to prove my point of view and persuade the reader that my writing is valid.At the same time, this essay has some inconsistencies.

Commercial law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Commercial law - Essay ExampleLord Atkin asseverate that a manufacturer owed a legal duty of care to the ultimate consumer of his product. In discussing duty of care as a legal concept, Lord Atkin open up the neighbour principle.Furthermore, in the case of in the Bolton v Stone2 the House of Lords held that whilst foreseeability was relevant to the issue of whether as duty of care exists, once established the issue of fail was ultimately dependant on the tenableness of the defendants actions.In order for a manufacturer to be liable in negligence on that point has to be proximity and the case of Anns v Merton London Borough3 asserted that the proximity test relies on a consideration of the nature of the relationship between the parties. erstwhile duty of care has been established, a claimant has to establish that the manufacturers breach of duty caused actionable damage. The standard of care imposed by law in order to determine a breach of duty is objective and that of the reaso nable and prudent man4. The degree of care to be expected is founded on considering what a reasonable man, careful for the safety of his neighbour would do and requires a consideration of the degree of the likelihood of harm occurring, the cost and practicability of measures needed to avoid it and the seriousness of the consequences5.The prior test for determining causation is the but-for test and whether the claimant would not have suffered the damage but-for Bs negligence6. Moreover, the Wagon Mound No.17 decision asserted that a defendant is only liable to pay damages if the damage was reasonably foreseeable and not too remote.The primary legislative measures pertaining to manufacturer liability are governed by the Trade Practices Act 1974 as amended (TPA), which implies certain rights and warranties into commercial contracts and consumer sales agreements. The TPA

Identifying Cash Flow problems and planning for solutions Assignment

Identifying Cash Flow problems and planning for solutions - Assignment ExampleOf the total sales of $208,000 in January, $20,800 was capital sales, and another $20,280, lowest of commission was from credit card sales, making a total of $41,080 collectible in the month of sales, namely January. Of the remaining $166,400, $55,470 is collectible in each of the hobby three months, namely February, March and April. Thus the total collections for the month of April against the sales of $208,000 are only $41,470. The expenses during the month of January are $187,070, of which $103,740 is against variable costs and $83,330 are touch on costs. Consequently, there is a shortfall of $145,990 in the month of January. Similarly, there are shortfalls in the cash flows for the months of February and March to the tune of $106,490 and $46,530 respectively. The cash flow turns positive from April fore showing that this is a temporary problem, as the cash collections from previous months will comp ensate for the check offs in the subsequent months. However, such situations can recur in future tense if there is a sudden growth or dip in sales during a particular period.It is obvious, from the above analysis, that the problem arises because of the delay in cash collections. There are several approaches that can be used to tackle this problem. Some of the possible measures that can be taken include taking deposits, pass discounts for prompt payments, and factoring receivables (Katz & Green, 2009, p. 464). In the case of Bulltuff, the most appropriate among these seems to be to offer a discount for early payment. Taking deposits may not be a viable alternative as all customers (dealers) may not agree to it. It cannot be implemented selectively on only a a few(prenominal) willing customers. Factoring receivables is likely to be costly. Consequently, offering discounts for early payments appears to be the most workable solution. The company could also simultaneously consider st eps to delay the cash outflows

Aviation Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Aviation Business - Assignment ExampleLet us estimate the subscriber line cost for this charter company to run Cessna 172 twice a month as mentioned earlier is as followsTotal business cost includes fixed cost, racecourse costs or operational costs and landing and overnight tie down costs. Cost of running the aircraft Fuel required for running this charter evasion is its main component $ 1500 per one hour 2Total flying hours in a month For southern side (2+3) x 2 = 10 hoursFor northerly side (2+2+2) x 2 = 12 hoursTotal flying hours = 10 + 12 = 22 hoursAdditional flying hours to be considered / month = 10 hoursTotal flying hours = 12 + 22 + 10 = 44 hoursTherefore the total cost accounts to $66000 / month.The total cost per one year = $792000 (Fig 1) withdraw costs for aircraft Aircraft was purchased with 25 % residual cost of flight ($259,500) for 5 years $64750Lease cost for one year = $12950Lease cost for one month = $ 1079Fixed costs (This is the daily cost of running a bus iness ie. Rent, -------------------------------------------------------------------2 Jagson Airlines. 2009. Charter services. Charter rules, terms and conditions. Rates flying hours. http//www.jagsonairline.com/charter_services.htm.employee wages It includes the charges for the pilot project Chief pilot is the only one person employed here. His salary component (including the benefit of super annuation) is $60,000 (Fig 2).For additional assisting staff (including the benefit of super annuation) $25,000 cost incurred on equipment, insurance, Air operators certificate, test approvals, Pilots annual checks and renewals = $ 10,000. Lease for the office building $60,000 (Fig 3)Landing and overnight tie down charges for the airfield per year $24,000 (Fig 4)Detailed verbal description of... The charter aircraft will fly from Groote Eylandt (NT) to southern side in one fortnight and will return to Groote Eylandt (NT) and again from the same place it flies to northern side. Therefore i n a month, it has to travel once in southern direction i.e. from Groote Eylandt toEach time, it has to carry two medical staff and 40 kg medical accessories. All the basic principles of aviation including weather preparedness have to be kept in mind while platformning the route plan (Parma, 1999).The net profit calculated by the company is $ 705650 which has been added to all the costs of running aircraft and accordingly annual tender amount of $ 1689600 per year and $140800 per month has been finalized.For sure-fire flying with out any legal complications and for ensuring security norms of the respective nation, Cessna aircraft has to follow the aviation rules and regulations real strictly (Bruckert and Roud, 2007). The federal aviation regulations have to be followed very strictly while carrying out the aviation. The congestion management of aircrafts is essential along with the implementation of emission standards of aircrafts according to the federal regulations3.

Research Paper about Digital Collection in library Essay

Research Paper about Digital Collection in library - Essay ExampleIt occurred to me that the machination of new technologies such as e-readers may provide a solution. Some informal personal research I did revealed that, as you are, no doubt, aware Rutgers University has undergone evidential budget cuts in 2010. I discovered that it costs $4.26 per annum to store a print book in a university library as opposed to $0.15 fro an electronic volume. . In addition, The Rutgers University Libraries are essentially filled to capacity some of the most critical space shortages exist in the Alexander Library. The attached document is a detailed version of an oral presentation that I recently delivered, proposing that comprehensive changes indoors the Rutgers University Library System can be enacted by the implementation of a digital collection and electronic reader program, at a cost that would not be prohibitive. A saving of upwards of $25 million dollars yearly could be saved by not havin g to extend the libraries physically and by reducing storage costs. Surveys have shown that this move to digital format is something that the students and staff of Rutgers woul welcome. I look forward to hearing from you regarding this project and will make myself available at any time. Please feel free to contact me via email at tufkteeden.rutgers.edu, or by phone at 201-835-9098. Thank you so much for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Tae-Eung Kim Going Digital The Adoption of a Digital Collection within Archibald S. Alexander Library & Electronic Reader Program Submitted by Tae- Eung Kim Submitted to Marianne Gaunt Vice President for Information Services and University Librarian Archibald S. Alexander Library Rutgers, The utter University of New Jersey 169 College Avenue, CAC New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-1163 Submitted on Jan 11, 2011 Scientific and Technical Writing Course Number 35530201 W11 Abstract This report is a qualitative deconstruction of the concept of the li brary and argues that contemporary solutions are possible to enhance the library experience and address the changing nature of library space. Connections are make between the changing nature of this library space and physical shortages of space in Archibald S. Alexander Library. The rising costs of tuition and textbooks are considered, as hearty as the cost of housing a digital book collection versus a print collection (ARL Statistics 2007-2008). Logistical shortcomings of a print collection in isolation are considered in relation to access to research material and Rutgers Special Collections. Overarching technological trends are considered insofar as they demonstrate the publics growing reliance on and acceptance of handheld devices. Trends in media are also considered and sources are cited that forecast the death of print media even the more constitutional views of for example, Arthur Sulzberger, owner and chairman of the New York Times, are considered. A plan is formulated tha t is paradigmatically linked to developments made at Northwest Missouri University, the Google Books Program, and the Gutenburg Project, as well as successful local initiatives reported on in the Rutgers Universitys The Daily Targum.. The plan includes a three part structure and is designed for students in Rutgers potash alum Program in English at the New Brunswick campus to form a pilot study group as precursor to a more oecumenic university-wide

Whom do you admire more as a leader Essay Example for Free

Whom do you admire more as a draw EssayThese deuce heroes check embarked from the same destination but on very different journeys. Whilst they argon both Iliadic heroes at the start of their stories, they develop and change their manner towards the characteristics required of them to succeed. Before we judge them, it is necessary to determine our definition of a successful bringer. A hero from the Iliad must(prenominal) be a speaker system of words and one who is accomplished in action, according to the horseman Phoinix (Iliad. 9. 413). A leader must have these primary qualities then, as he must lead by example, but to create the ideal we must add to this. The leader should rely on no others but in turn listen to enceinte counsel. He should be fair in his justice, in control of his situation and surroundings, keep his manpower abreast of the plan of action and reasoning behind it, rest calm under pressure and have compassion and understanding for his people. Thus his pri mary concerns should be the wel farthermoste of his people, their security and maintaining peace at all costs. His men, a good indicator of his leadership to us, should therefore give him loyalty, trust, and obedience, if the leader has led them suitably.The performance of the men is in any case important, and what they achieve under his direction is representative of his readiness of leadership, though this must be compared with how they act without his presence. These measures can be seen as the important assets of a competent leader, though extenuating and uncontrollable circumstances must be taken into account, as we make a sound judgement of our two heroes. Aeneas and Odysseus themselves are different, both in character and in their quest. Whilst Aeneas is born of the goddess Venus, Odysseus etymologizing has no close link to a deity.However, whilst Aeneas is of divine descent, he receives little or no help from his mother. When he lands at Carthage and Venus is kind suffic ient to give him information about Didos people, she is disguised and departs immediately after having spoken, to the despair of Aeneas (you so often mock your own son you too are cruel A. 1. 406). The other help he receives is limited (thick mist A. 1. 411) and with no knowledge of its existence. Whilst his mother is vehement in defending her son and his people when she is on Olympus (it is unspeakable. We are betrayed A. 1.252 take pity on them A. 10. 60), no action is taken to ease him in his distress or cabinet him in person. Within the Aeneid, the gods are not the ever-present guardians that Athene is to Odysseus in the Odyssey, whether they agree or not (Hercules checked the great groan helpless tears streamed A. 10. 465). Athene on the other hand, not only helps Odysseus with her divine power but she gives him advice (go to the swineherd O. 13. 403), disguises him (change you beyond recognition O. 13. 396), and even cares for his family (instil more spirit into Odysseus son O. 1.89, prompted the wise Penelope O. 21. 1).She is very conversant(p) with Odysseus, conversing at length and speaking very openly (you are so persuasive, so quick-witted, so self-possessed O. 13. 333). Whilst Venus neer alights on the earth to console Aeneas in his grief (heart sick at the sadness of war A. 8. 29), Athene can not bear to leave her hero in distress (I cannot cast off you in your misfortunes O. 13. 332). Aeneas is in fact quite a lonely character and doesnt even compete in the games of Book 5, which we can easily imagine Odysseus competing in (as in the Iliad).His lack of personal contact with the gods shows that he is just a pawn, merely a very important pawn. However, the actual tangible help that Aeneas receives is far greater than Athenes to Odysseus. The son of Venus receives divine weapons beyond all words and of shining splendour. Neptunes actions against the work of Juno allow his crew to survive the shipwreck (calming the swell A. 1. 145). Thus, whilst Aeneas is never given a piece of news from the Olympians that he actually wants to hear (dumb and senseless A. 4. 280), his physical aid from the gods is great.Odysseus receives emotional and strategic help from Athene (the two of them sat down to scheme O. 13. 371), as well as assistance from Hermes in person. However, his encounters with monsters and magic are largely left to him. He is given no divine armour, and Athene checks her aid in deference to Poseidon. But Venus just goes head to head with Juno, despite her lesser status, and aids Aeneas. Odysseus walks with the gods and they interact with him regularly but this counterbalances his character as a loner. Aeneas leadership begins in conjunction with his father Anchises who dies in Sicily, but his son Ascanius is on the voyage also.He also has no alienation from his men, such as Achates, and listens to their words (there is no danger A. 1. 584). Odysseus on the other hand has a difficulty with listening to people. Despite A gamemnons precedent in Book 11 (make a secret approach O. 11. 456), it takes Athenes reminder (tell not a single person O. 13. 308) to prevent catastrophe (I would certainly have come to a miserable end if you, goddess, had not made all this clear to me O. 13. 383). He ignores Circes advice not to put on his armour when he goes past Scylla.He ignores his mens attempts to stop him saying his name to the Cyclops. This inability to accept criticism or advice hampers a good relationship with his men. Odysseus hardly ever refers to his men by name and the only man whom we hear in person is the treacherous Eurylochus and the drunken ghost of Elpenor. No direct speech from a living Ithacan on Odysseus crew is ever said to him in kind. Though Odysseus goes so far as to divide the men up and share command with Eurylochus, his pondering as to whether or not he should lop his head off counts against it.Odysseus acts very much on his own compared to Aeneas whom only ever parts company from hi s men when he is with Dido and when he first lands on Carthage. However, Odysseus is frequently dividing himself from his men. He receives the souls of the dead on his own, with no Sibyl to guide him. He forages on his own in Scherie, he lands his ship away from the others at Telepylus, he lets no one else control the rudder leaving Aeolia and he sleeps away from the others upon Thrinacie. Odysseus repetitive action of taking everything upon himself points to the different record of his and Aeneas travels.Odysseus is going home to free his wife, his home, and his kingdom. His men just happen to be going to the same place. Aeneas though is going to found a new head for the hills with his people. It is essential, for his mission to be completed successfully, that he reaches Latium with a band of men to found Rome. Odysseus though has no commitment to his crew. Homer is very insistent on the fact that the Ithacans on the ship are not worth saving and could not have been saved from de struction, despite Odysseus attempts (in spite of all his efforts their own criminality that brought them to their doom O.1. 6). The point that these are his fellow countrymen, whom he should have the utmost concern for , as their king, seems to be ignored. Aeneas has no legal duty to his crew as their king, unlike Odysseus. The Ithacan crew does have their shortcomings but compared to the Trojans, the Ithacans arduous trials on the seas are far worse. No rest is received from Troy until Aeaea. The Sirens, and Scylla and Charybdis also occur without a pit stop in between it is not surprising that Eurylochus expresses the wish of the men to land and take on supplies (you expect us, just as we areto go wandering off over the foggy sea O. 12. 285). The crew has lost 11 ships by the time they leave the Laestrygonians.

Nietzsche- Good V. Evil Essay Example for Free

Nietzsche- thoroughly V. Evil EssayFriederich Nietzsches first essay in his work On the Genealogy of Morals is a piece titled, Good and Evil, Good and Bad. The essay seeks to trace the origin of incorrupts, specifically the distinction made between cheeseparing and forged and the subjective difference separating evil and bad. He elaborates that in the modern world the way we deposit costly and bad is never questi angiotensin converting enzymed since we assume those renderings were reasonably created. Over time, Nietzsche argues, we lost sight of the origin of these words, pinpointing this moment as when racy take to be judgments declined (Nietzsche 26). Nietzsche holds the ruling blue-blooded manakin responsible for originally defining trade good and bad, while the common lower mannequin followed with their own definition of good and its antithesis, evil. The focus of Nietzsches essay is the search to stipulate good, bad, and evil, and the response of the wispy cl ass to classifications of good and bad made by the powerful class. It is the vexation or as he calls the ressentiment of the commoners or the slaves to the noble class that creates the opposing idea of what constitutes good and what is bad or evil.The original definition of good prone by the powerful aristocratic class caused resentment among the lower classes. This enervateder lower class turned the tables, claiming the legal actions of the nobles were not solely bad, a clear turn from good, entirely evil, and instead the inaction and worn downness inherent in the lower classes was in fact good. Nietzsche argues that the commoners resentment of the powerful is more aggressive than the aristocratic contempt for the weak. This deep resentment further enslaves the weak into a downcast role since the weak yet define their goodness by the evil record of the powerful.The powerful noble class maintains their definition of good without going as far to say that the weak be evil in stead they are pitiable. The weak are unable to challenge the strong and therefore define their position as good despite their inaction, while the strong and powerful noble class is free to live in a world of activity void of constant paritys to their counter part, the weak. Nietzsche believes time has distanced and blinded man from the original conceptions of ethics that are good and bad.The modern conceptions of good and bad come from a practical and believable story where one approved unegoistic actions and called them good from the point of view of those to whom they were done, that is to say, those to whom they were utilizable (Nietzsche 25). Nietzsche continues that later one forgot how this approval originated and, simply because unegoistic actions were always habitually praised as good, one also felt them to be good- as if they were something good in themselves (Nietzsche 25).This is how we define good in the modern day, Nietzsche says, because once the true origin of goo d was ditched along the path of history, man invented a definition that seemed appropriate. He continues stating, The judgment good did not originate with those to whom goodness was shown Rather it was the good themselves, that is to say, the noble, powerful, high-stationed and high-minded, who felt and established themselves and their actions as good, that is, of the first rank, in contradistinction to all the low, low-minded, common and plebeian (Nietzsche 25).The definitions of good and bad were constructed by the noble class who looked to themselves for examples of goodness and then invented a casual explanation of bad as only a contrasting necessity. Nietzsche strengthens his argument that the moralistic sets of good and bad were define by the noble class in a discussion of the origin of the words good and bad in multiple languages. He asks the question, What was the real etymological significance of the designations of good coined in the various languages?I found they all led back to the same conceptual transformation- that everywhere noble, aristocratic in the social sense, is the basic concept from which good necessarily developed (Nietzsche 27-28). Nietzsche wishes to firmly establish that the powerful class elucidated original morality. The action to establish what is good and bad by the noble class is followed by a refutation of these establishments by the weaker class.Nietzsche affirms that it was specifically the Jews, the priestly people of the earth, who were the first to interchange the roles of good and bad in the debate of what constitutes moral behavior. The priest and the noble aristocrat are in opposition to each other. Nietzsche thought this obvious and says, peerless will have divided already how easily the priestly mode of valuation can branch off from the knightly-aristocratic and then develop into its opposite this is especially likely when the priestly caste and the warrior class are in jealous opposition to one another and are unwilling to come to terms (Nietzsche 33).It is key to understand why Nietzsche focuses on the Jews in particular for being the people who reinvent the terms of morality. Nietzsche alludes to the history of the Jews as repressed people who are interpreted advantage of by the powerful and cruel warrior class of aristocrats. It is due to this history that the Jews, that priestly people, who in opposing their enemies and conquerors were ultimately satisfied with nothing less than a radical revaluation of their enemies values, that is to say, an act of the most spiritual revenge (Nietzsche 33-34).This section of Nietzsches first essay is directed at examining the context in which the value of good was redefined, shedding light on why the revaluation of morals by the weak is insufficient and lacking conviction and merit. The trend was begun by the Jews and briefly turned to the more general slave revolt in morality (Nietzsche 34). The slave can be the priest, the peasant, simply the o verall commoner who is weak and defined by impotence.The Jews though, were the first to invert the aristocratic value-equation saying the wretched but are the good the poor, impotent, lowly alone are the good the suffering, deprived, sick, ugly alone are pious and you, the powerful, noble, are on the contrary the evil, the cruel, the lustful, the insatiable, the godless to all eternity and you shall be in all eternity the unblessed, accursed, and damned (Nietzsche 34) The definition of good has been transformed to support the inaction and inferiority of the weak.Nietzsche does not value this change in moral standards not because he believes they are inherently wrong, but by the process in which they were constructed. The man of resentment, to which we may now refer to in place of the Jew, the priest, the commoner, or the weak, has positioned himself to be seen as good because the powerful aristocratic class is evil, cruel, and damned. This is where the problem lies and where it is seen that the argument of goodness coming from the man of resentment, although plausible and not without merit, is superficially constructed and gives no real convincing advantage to the morality of the weak.This slave morality that is created by the man of resentment exists only from vengeance of the external idea of good created by the class of nobles that is also external to the weak and resentful. Herein lies the problem. musical composition the powerful noble class has found what they consider good by looking in on themselves, out of their action and their values, the men of resentment on the contrary have only conjured a lucid definition of good by their blind opposition to the conceived good of the nobles.Nietzsche says, The inversion of the value-positing eye- this need to direct ones view outward instead of back to oneself- is of the essence of ressentiment in order to exist, slave morality always first needs a antipathetical external world it needs, physiologically speak ing, external stimuli in order to act at all- its action is fundamentally reaction (Nietzsche 36-37).The need for an opposing view of what is moral and good is needed for the man of resentment to redefine what he thinks is moral and good, yet Nietzsche argues that the slave morality does not consist of its own definition it simply labels what was good as evil and assumes this will be a convincing argument for the goodness of those who can define the evil powerful class. The constant comparison the men of resentment make of themselves to the powerful is a fault since the slave morality these men wish to prove is void of real tangible essay of good and can only define goodness in contrast to the evil of the powerful.These powerful are given the upper hand because of the way they define their goodness. Whereas the men of resentment form their slave morality by the external examination of the powerful, The reverse is the case with the noble mode of valuation it acts and grows spontaneo usly, its seeks its opposite only so as to affirm itself more gratefully and triumphantly- its negative concept low, common, bad is only a subsequently-invented pale, contrasting image in relation to its substantiative basic concept (Nietzsche 37).The difference is in the contempt the powerful have for the weak as opposed to the resentment the weak have for the powerful. The contempt of the weak is weak itself, where it is only a product of the original definition of good. Yet the resentment of the weak is a force that defines them instead of seeing this resentment as only valuable to define what is evil or bad after a self-created concept of good is in place. The man of resentment therefore places value in his opposition to evil.While the evil of the powerful noble class manifests itself in actions of cruelty at times, the powerful are also more clear of better things, as they felt themselves to be smart they did not have to establish their happiness artificially by examining th eir enemies, or to persuade themselves, deceive themselves, that they were happy (Nietzsche 38). The man of resentment on the contrary is burdened by his constant comparison to the evil, continuously having to convince himself that he is indeed good instead of fitting living that way.The man of resentment is in an unfavorable and unfortunate disadvantage. His opposition to the powerful noble always defines his livelihood and happiness, whereas the noble lives a life more free, void of constant comparison. The man of resentment defines the moral values of good and evil out of vengeance and in contrast to the self-established morality of the powerful aristocratic class. These men of resentment, who Nietzsche argues are intrinsicly weak, define goodness not by looking to themselves but by examining the external world of the powerful, which they perceive as evil.The weak superficially construct strength and power from their inferior position by defining good as their humble and peacef ul attitude, a substitution for their natural weakness and inability to challenge the strength of the powerful noble class. These men of weakness have historically succeeded in defining their inferiority as good by demonizing the powerful, but this self-deception constrains the livelihood of the weak as they are weighed down by their constant resentment of the powerful that only hold neutral contempt for the weak. The weak are only redefining the form of slavery that is weakness with a self-deceptive concept of good.

Cap and Trade Policy Paper Essay Example for Free

Cap and Trade policy Paper Essay initiationThe fruit of deoxycytidine monophosphate firing offs is an fundamental angiotensin-converting enzyme not only from an environmental perspective but also an economic one. While cut back carbon emissions is an important one for the health of human beings as well as that of the environment, the boastfulr question is what type of policy strategy is best for both reducing much(prenominal) emissions which efficiency maintain an impact on efforts to mitigate the effects of pollution on clime change.While ther ar options to consider which does not rely on economics technological or output standards achieved by command and control regulationsthey are often fraught with political resistance by industry because they do not allow industry to make believe any choices or play a role in solving the problem of excessive emissions and the burden that these emissions orient on another(prenominal)s. Instead of much(prenominal) draconian m easures establish on fiat, the preferred options rely on economic tools instead to provide fillips to industry to police itself by either incenting investment in emission-reducing and/or energy saving technologies or to adulterate production in line with the total/social-monetary values rather than just the backstage/ constructr- termss of production. Two such(prenominal) economic policies to consider in this regard are emission taskes and diadem-and-trade policies.Overview of Policy Problem blow emissions simplificationConsider a party that faces an increasing marginal pollution hiatus comprise disregard as in the Figure 1. Left unregulated it provide make not to reduce its carbon emissions (a.k.a abate carbon emissions) and avert facing the be of suspension strategy represented by the area underneath the marginal abatement cost curve represented by area (B + C + D) in the diagram below. Figure 1 Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits of Reducing Carbon Emissions pic Source Econ ci Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. Suppose that policy analysts have determined that the economically good level of pollution abatement occurs at the point where marginal benefits of abatement equal the marginal cost costs of abatement as is suggested in economic theory. The resulting level of carbon emissions is e* (reduction in emissions is measured from the far safe in the diagram above to the pointe*). The question is what policy to follow to achieve e* either approximately type of fiat policy involving either about type of output restriction or requiring use of a particular pollution-control technology or some type of policy that involves financial incentives to reduce emissions. This musical theme hypothesizes that policy options involving economic incentives are preferable to those options that involve regulatory fiat.Specification of Economic Policy Models1) A Carbon Emissions TaxOne policy dick that back end be used to achieve this level of ab atement is to set a tax revenue where marginal benefit equals marginal cost represented by the horizontal tax line in the Figure 2 below. Under such a fascinate, the polluter will find that it is cheaper to reduce carbon emissions so long as the marginal cost is lower than the tax. Since the tax bill (A + B) is great than the marginal abatement cost bill (B) to the left of the point e*, the firm will choose to reduce emissions up to the level of C with the remaining emissions level indicated in figure 2 measured from the decently in the diagram. To the right of e*, the marginal abatement costs, represented by areas C + D, are greater than the tax bill (area D) so the firm will choose to reach the tax and continue to emit pollutants beyond e*. Figure 2 The Carbon Emissions TaxpicSource Econ 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. So long as the marginal costs and benefits of abatement can be known with certainty, an emissions tax can be set at the point of product of the se deuce measures resulting in an efficient level of pollution emissions at e* with total abatement costs (including taxes paid) to the polluter of area B+D and providing the organization with revenues represented by D (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). It is when these marginal costs and marginal benefits are either not measurable in their entirety or when there is uncertainty about the figures obtained that leads to added questions as to whether this would be the best policy to follow.2) A Cap PolicyAn alternative policy to an emissions tax to achieve reductions in emissions through the tools of economics is to set a cap at the point where marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost of reducing emissions/abatement represented by the vertical cap line in Figure 3 below. The polluting firm must reduce its carbon emissions to e* where the marginal social cost of reducing emissions equals the marginal social benefit of the products produced by the polluter.Su ch a policyif the social costs and social benefits can be measured accuratelyresults in an efficient level of emissions produced/reduced at e* with an abatement cost borne byFigure 3 Cap Policy for Each FirmpicSource Econ 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. the polluter equivalent to area B (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). The issue is whether total social costs can be measured and measured accurately in order to set such a policy at the correct or efficient level of emissions for each firm. Normally such policies do not result in efficiency even though an efficient level of overall emissions can be attained since it does not account for dissimilar costs of abatement in different firms. That is, a level of emissions can be attained that is equivalent to that achieved under an economically efficient policy but the level is not achieved at the lowest overall cost.One government agency of obtaining individual caps is for the government to auction off emis sion permits that total the pre-set amount of emissions that it feels is optimal. Firms with higher costs of reducing emissions will bid higher than firms with lower cost structures. Again, the only problem is determining what the total amount of emissions should be reflecting all social costs and benefits of reducing carbon emissions.3) A Cap-and-Trade PolicyAn added twist on the cap policy allows firms to trade emission allotments between themselves based on the buyer of allotment bargaining with the removeer over the proper price to pay for the extra allotment. A 2-panel diagram is needed to better understand the logic of profession emission allotments. Figure 4 illustrates the marginal cost of reducing emissions of two firms. One firm is run on older technology with high abatement costs that goes from right to left with zero costs represented at the lower right-hand corner of the diagram. The other firm has newer technology in its plant with lower abatement costs that goes left to right with zero costs represented at the lower left-hand corner of the diagram. The width of the horizontal axis is the reduction in emissions that must be achieved overall to an efficient level.The hybridization of the two marginal cost curves is where economic efficiency is achieved. That is, the value achievedFigure 4. Cap-and-Trade Between Firms PolicySource Econ 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade, 2012, n.pag. from the last long horse expended on abatement must be the analogous across all firms in the trade. This is known as the equimarginal principle (Boyes and Melvin, 2011,122). The total cost of attaining the efficient abatement/emissions level is equal to the area C + G + K. At the efficient level of emissions, e*, the low cost (of reducing emissions) firm should reduce more than emissions than the high cost (or reducing emissions) firm. Such a policy can be implemented by issuing carbon permits to different firms and allowing them to buy and sell their permits i n the open market. Normally, equal amounts of permits are issued to each firm since it is difficult to assess the true abatement cost a priori. In the end, the marketplace will help determine the differences in cost structure depending on how high a firm is willing to bid for an extra permit or two (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.).As with the individual firm cap policy, the cap-and-trade policy is predicated on the government being able to determine the optimal level of total emissions desired reflecting social costs and benefits of reducing carbon emissions. Combining the different economic policy options together, it is obvious that it is possible to achieve the said(prenominal) level of reduction in emissions by setting a tax at the same level as where the marginal costs of reducing emissions is the same between firms which is at the level represented by the horizontal line in Figure 4 above. As above, the polluting firms will notice that it is cheaper to abate carbon emissions as long as the marginal abatement cost is lower than the tax. The firms with the higher cost structure will reduce emissions to e* when measured from right to left and incur abatement costs equivalent to area K and pay taxes equivalent to area B+C+F+G. The firms with the lower cost structure will reduce emissions to e* when measured from left to right and incur abatement costs of C+G and pay taxes equivalent to areas J + K in Figure 4.Setting a cap on each individual firm will produce the same level of reduction in emissions, but given that it is difficult, if not impossible, to individualized caps based on different cost structures of abatement, an efficient outcome is difficult to achieve under such a policy even though emissions are reduced to the same overall level. Regarding the market failure collectible to the negative carbon externality, both a carbon tax and carbon cap-and-trade will achieve the same level of incr shut upd efficiencyassuming that measureme nts of costs and benefits can be measured accurately by reducing emissions to the optimal level at minimum cost. The real difference in these policies is due to differences in the distribution of costs.In the carbon tax policy, the government receives added revenues while in the cap and cap-and-trade policies when permits are simply handed out to firms, the firm has no additional outlays other than the cost of abatement to stay within the cap or to purchase additional allotment from other firms. If the permits are initially auctioned off by the government, the additional revenues to the government should be nearly the same as with a tax scheme if marginal social costs and benefits have been measured accurately. However, the economics-based policies are preferable to policies based on fiat where specific technologies (e.g., smoke-stack scrubbers) or a uniform cap on emission outputs across all firms since these other policies fail to take into account social costs and benefits. Wit h regard to the economics-based policies, the interest added impacts may also occur.First, in addition to static efficiencyefficiency occurring within a single period of timethere may also be dynamic efficiency within these policy schemes whereby firms have an incentive to adopt new technology over time to reduce their marginal costs of reducing carbon emissions (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.). Secondly, carbon emission taxes and/or auctioning permits will generate additional government revenue that might be used to offset conglomerate distortionary taxes on labour and/or capital (Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap and Trade, n. pag.).Evidence and AnalysisThere are various problems associated with the design of emissions tax regimes warranting discussion. First, if such a tax were placed on individuals rather than firms without any offsetting changes in other taxes or government transfers, a carbon tax might be regressive suggesting that the highest tax burden would be placed on the poor (Poterba, 1991, 11). This is mostly applicable to gasoline taxes where a flat emissions tax would make up a higher percentage of the income of poorer over wealthier taxpayers thus, an issue of equity arises here. Likewise, firms with higher simoleons margins would shoulder less burden from the tax than firms with lower profit margins given a similar costs of pollution abatement. Poterba (1991) suggests that this regressiveness could be offset by changes in either the direct tax system or in government transfers.Second, as the population grows and production totals continue to increase to meet the demands of this growing population, emission taxes will need to rise to keep emissions at a particular level this may lead to a set of distortions in terms of domestic vs. foreign production whereby firms can transfer production to other jurisdictions that do not have such taxes in place. Thus, international trade leads to an opportunity to get around the tax scheme and the higher the taxes instituted, the higher the incentive to engage in such behaviour.Thus, if emission taxes differ significantly between two neighbouring jurisdictionfor example, the State of New York and Connecticut or even New York and one of its neighbouring Canadian provincesthere is an inherent incentive to move production outside of the jurisdiction with the highest taxes and import products from elsewhere. Third, a central issue regarding the design of carbon emissions taxes to harmonize such polities with other fiscal instruments designed to mitigate the effects of climate change. For instance, it is important to ensure that taxes on chlorofluorocarbons and emissions from fossil fuels are comparable to avoid distortions in exercise that may lead to a worse outcome for the environment than in the absence of such policies (Poterba, 1991, 27).Bosquet (2000) conducted a review of the evidence regarding the impact of carbon emissions taxes on the environment and the economy. She claims that environmental taxes involve the shifting of tax burden from employment, income, and investment to resource depletion and waste. She asks the general question of whether such tax reform can produce a double benefit by helping the environment and the economy simultaneously.Based on her reviews of the literature and available evidence, she concludes that when emissions taxes are instituted, they are generally associated with reductions in payroll taxes, andif wage-price ination is preventedthey often result in signicant reductions in pollution and small gains in employment (Bosquet, 2000, 19). Also associated with the implementation of such environmental taxes are also marginal changesgains or losses in production in the short to medium term, while investments decease marginally and prices increase. However, she cautions that the results of such environmental taxes in the long-term are less certain (Bosquet, 2000, 29).With regard to cap and cap-and-trade policies, the e vidence is also available regarding the effectiveness and consequences of such policies. Stavins (2008) describes a graduated cap-and-trade scheme that involves initially just Carbon gasses with 50% of permits issued to polluters in the market free of charge and other half auctioned off. Over 25 years, the percentage auctioned off each year will gradually increase to 100% and other greenhouse gas emissions will be included over this time span. The idea is to implement a gradual iterative policy with a slow trajectory of emission reductions. As time goes on, other emissions are included in this scheme and the system provides for harmonizing this scheme over time with effective cap-and-trade systems and other emission credit reduction programs in other jurisdictions. This harmonization effectively addresses the issue raised with emission tax policies that are unilaterally established in one jurisdiction without consideration for the policies in neighbouring jurisdictions.If there is an effective way to dovetail policies in different jurisdiction, then this would level the playing field between domestic and imported products. Regarding actual cap-and-trade policies already in place, Colby (2000) analyzes a cap-and-trade policy for limiting Sulfur Dioxide emissions. The changes cauline from the Clean Air Act of 1990 which allowed for a nationwide cap-and-trade policy for industrial firms emitting sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. Marginal costs of reducing emissions fell substantially duringn the 1990s due to reduced costs of installing scrubbers, reduced costs of flue gas desulfurization, and falling costs for low sulfur coal all due, to a large extent, to an active program of trading/buying allowances between firms that emerged after a few years of experience after the program was initiated.As Colby (2000) states, The allowance trading market enhanced competition among the different methods that firms use to control emissions, adding impetus to cost reduction s (Colby, 2000, 642). Low allowance prices and falling marginal costs associated with reducing emissions produced earlier-than-predicted cutbacks in sulfur dioxide emissions. Allowance prices rose from lows of $80-90/unit in 1996 to about $215/unit in mid-1999 spurring further conservation efforts.Colby (2002) does mention that design and implementation of cap-and-trade schemes involves some important policy tradeoffs equity among the players, balancing use levels with resource conditions, facilitating transactions between firms wishing to trade allowances, accurate accounting for externality costs, assuring fit monitoring of emissions levels, and documenting welfare gains due to the policy. She says that efficient trading mechanisms can be more easily implemented when there is a strong political or legal mandate to cap resource use and trading allowances are sensed by all parties involved to be a way to ease adjustment to limits on emissions (Colby, 2000, 638).In choosing between the various policies, it is inevitably important to sense the level of uncertainty over measuring the items of interest. With regard to emissions taxes, it is important to have fairly accurate estimates of marginal social costs and benefits and with regard to cap-and-trade schemes, there necessarily to also be a fairly accurate means of estimating the optimal level of emissions given all the costs and benefits involved in reducing emissions.If it becomes difficult to measure these items accurately, then the expected deadweight loss and associate probabilities of various miscalculations needs to be assessed and compared across the different strategies to determine the policy that produces the smallest expected deadweight loss which is key from an economic perspective. Since policies based on fiat, such as technology mandates and non-economically based output standards, are not set with regard to these types of measures, it is likely that the deadweight economic loss associated with these policies will be greater than for either emissions taxes or better yet, cap-and-trade policies. oddmentThe evidence suggests that economics-based emissions policies are preferred over policies based on fiat. Moreover, the strongest evidence for promoting investment in pollution control equipment and reducing emissions that mitigate the effects of climate change appear to involve cap-and-trade policies. Partially, this might be due to the flexible design of such policies whichthrough the auctioning and/or trading of allowancesaccount for changing market conditions. This policy, even more so than emission taxes, forces the industry to face current market conditions through the use of auctions and trading for emission allowances. As a result, the parties are forced to make choices based on strong economic criteria to obtain efficiencies over time.Works citedBosquet B. 2000. Environmental Tax Reform Does It Work? A watch of The Empirical Evidence. Ecological Economics. 34, 19-32,C olby G. 2000. Cap-and-Trade Policy Challenges A Tale ofThree Markets. Land Economics, 76, 638-658.Econ. 101 Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade. 2012. Website.Retrieved on June 5th, 2012 from http//www.env-econ.net/carbon_tax_vs_capandtrade.htmlMelvin W. Boyes M. 2011. Microeconomics. 9th ed. Marion, OH South-Western, Cengage Learning,Poterba JM. 1991. Tax Policy to Combat worldwide Warming On Designing a Carbon Tax. NBER Working Paper. MIT-CEPR 91-003WP. Retrieved on June 7th, 2012 from http//dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/50159/28596145.pdf?sequStavins RN. 2008. Addressing Climate Change with aComprehensive U.S. Cap-and-Trade System. Nota Di Lavoro 67.2008 Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei. 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