Discoverability of Electronic Evidence

Lisa Buehrer Intro to Paralegal Teamwork (Team A) Discoverability of electronic evidence Identify the various types of electronic evidence, including potential sources of electronic evidence? Computer-generated or electronically recorded information such as emails, voicemails, spreadsheets, word processing documents and other data. What are the advantages of electronic evidence? Once something is entered into the computer, it is saved whether the save button is pushed or not. This is called Metadata.This consists of data that is hidden and kept on the computer like the path, creator, date created, date last accessed, etc. What are the disadvantages of electronic evidence? The biggest disadvantage to electronic evidence is that it can be tampered with or altered by an individual. Is electronic evidence discoverable in Federal Court? In State Courts? Yes What are the special requirements to be followed when dealing with electronic evidence that a part wants to use as evidence during li tigation?You need to make sure that you have obtained an exact image copy of the electronic evidence and make sure you can prove that it hasn’t been tampered with or changed from the time you obtained it. What is the final team consensus as to whether electronic evidence should be freely discoverable and admissible in litigation? I believe that electronic evidence is a must in the times that we live in as long as the chain of custody has been done. As long as the chain of custody is followed there is never going to be a question as to the validity of the evidence.

Report Writing Essay

Eve-teasing is a widespread and most disturbing reality for the girls in Bangladesh. We hardly find reports of eve-teasing in the media until it ends up causing some serious damage to somebody. But we do come across, at times, news and reports telling us how terrifying the consequences of eve-teasing can be. And such news does not usually attract public attention until it grows into a national issue. According to figures released by the Ain-O-Shalish Kendra (ASK) human rights organization, 14 girls and women have taken their own lives over the past four months across the country as a direct result of the insults. It is also a great problem in Sylhet. Young girls, especially school and college girls and female workers top the list as victims of eve-teasing. Given the strict patriarchal social system, it is almost daring for a woman to protest against teasing in public places. In our society, it is usually the girl who is finally held responsible for such incidents. No matter how weak those laws are, most people are unaware of their existence as they are hardly aware of any implementation of those. Considering all these, we can say that laws alone are not enough. What we need most is to change the overall social outlook toward women. We need to raise collective voice and take action against eve-teasing, as we also need to increase the gender-sensitivity of the police force. X,08 Aug 2010: The problems of load-shedding is acute in Sylhet. Bangladesh faces one of the worst power crises of the world. Due to lack of planned investment in the power sector, load shedding has become the flagship phenomenon of the country’s electricity system. Some parts of the city of Sylhet may face black outs for more than 8 hours a day during the very hot summer. The power shortage eventually leads to the failure of water supply. Most citizens have to face a miserable life with little water and no electricity under the scorching tropical heat. There are no significant power station projects in the pipeline and the situation is going to get worse in the coming years. All on a sudden street are covered with darkness with a few lights of cars and buses flashing here and there. Thieves and pick-pockets freely prowl on the street. The suffering of the students due  to load-shedding is beggar’s description. The curse of load-shedding does not spare even the hospital. In fact, words are inadequate to give proper vent to the discomfort and harm caused in our life by this unscrupulous practice of load-shedding. All concerned must join their hands to liberate the people from the curse of load-shedding at a very early date.

Nosocmial Infection Related to Having Surgery In A Hospital Research Paper

Nosocmial Infection Related to Having Surgery In A Hospital - Research Paper Example This is based on the route, duration and time of administration of the antibiotic after susceptibility test and clinical responses. NOSOCOMIAL OR HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS Care to patients is provided in wide range of facilities ranging from highly equipped clinics to advanced public universities. Despite progress and advancement in hospital care, infections continue to prevail in hospitalized patients and even in hospital staff. Decreased immunity among the patients, variety of invasive techniques creates a kind potential route for the infections to incubate and grow in the ideal atmosphere. Poor controls for the spread of infection can also be the key factor for the stretch of infections among crowded hospital populations. Nosocomial or Hospital acquired infections can be defined as: Nosocomial or hospital acquired infections are defined as the infections acquired by patients during their stay at the hospital, who are admitted for a reason other than that infection and the infec tion causing agent was not present or incubating at the time of admission. This also includes those infections occurring in staff members or patients who are recently discharged from the hospitals. (Pittet ,2011) EPIDIMILOGY Nosocomial infections occur in both developed and third world countries and it is the major cause of death among hospital patients. A survey conducted by WHO in 55 hospitals of 14 countries including Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, South East Asia and Western pacific. The result shows an average of 8.7% patients suffer from Hospital Acquired Infections every year. The burden of HAI is already substantial in developing countries where Nosocomial infections hit every 5 to 155 patients in regular wards and 50% patients in ICU (Vincent, Rello , Marshall, Silva, Anzueto, Martin,2009). The magnitude of the problem remains ignored or unknown because diagnosis is complex and suirvillience activities requires expertise and resources to guide interventions.(Allegranzi& pit tet,2008) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Nosocomial infections can be acquired from both exogenous and endogenous sources. Endogenous sources are part of patient’s body or body sites, such as infections growing or incubating inside the body. Exogenous sources are those outside from the body. Examples include visitors, medical personnel, equipment and healthcare environment. HAI’s may be caused by patient’s own flora, the organisms harmlessly entangled with patients own body such as skin (S.Aureus) or intestine (E. coli). The infections targeting ICU patients or patients with weak immune system are those which are the victims of environment filled with the micro-organisms. These organisms usually cause lung infections. Infections may be transferred from one to another person such as Antibiotic resistant micro-organisms are likely to come from the person already infected or colonized from the organism, via the hands of health care worker or through the environment where the pat ient is being cared for. C.difficile is the causative agent for diarrhea and can be carried in the intestine of the patient or can be acquired from other patient already infected because C. Difficile produces spores which make it easier for their spread and also make it resistant to unfavorable conditions. The agents causing HAI are mostly viruses, bacteria’

Comparison of relative validity of nutrient intake estimated by Article

Comparison of relative validity of nutrient intake estimated by comprehensive and grief-type self-administered diet history questionnaires against 16 d dietary records in Japanese adults - Article Example for the calculation of energy-adjusted values using regression and also used the Pearson correlation coefficients hence making the results more valid and reliable (78). The nutrient intakes deprived from the first DHQ and the first BDHQ was compared with the intake from the 4 day DRs. (80). The correlation coefficients were then compared using the Meng-Rosental-Rubin method to identify overlapping correlation coefficients (93). The study design was appropriate in assessing the relative validity of the DHQ and BDHQ. First, through the DHQ, the statisticians were able to estimate the dietary intake, behavior and consumption frequency of the participants during the preceding period. The study design used the DHQ that was able to ask for the consumption frequency and the portion sizes of the 150 food and beverages (60). On the other hand, the BDHQ provided the researchers with the opportunity to compare the dietary intake of some selected foods, although not based on the portion size (58). In addition, the reasonable sample size for a validation study is between 200-300 participants with three days of dietary measurements. In this case, the number of participants was 182 and the dietary measurement days were 4 which fall within the reasonable sample size. 4. The two energy-adjusted methods are relatively similar in results. From the findings, in the case of the crude intake of the 42 nutrients and the residual method, the researchers observed that the differences were insignificant. It was observed that energy adjusted nutrients by residual methods produces better results for women while energy adjusted by the density method produces similar outcomes for both men and women. From the first method, the DR and BDHQ1 nutrients intake were at 67% and 43% for women respectively and 26% and 64% for men respectively (101). For the energy adjusted for nutrient density, there was no significant differences that was observed in 13, 16 for the DHQ, BDHQ. Conceivably, it means

Architectural and Environmental Constraints of Vendor Support Essay

Architectural and Environmental Constraints of Vendor Support - Essay Example Few of the key factors that should influence vendor selection for short and long term projects in a hiring organisation (Parent Organisation) are:Few of the key factors that should influence vendor selection for short and long term projects in a hiring organisation (Parent Organisation) are:1. Alignment of parent organisation’s policies with vendor organisation policies.2. Reach of vendor services (Geographical)3. Future business development plans of vendor organisation should be in line with Parent Organisation4. Thorough understanding and agreement on common service level agreements and service level objects (SLAs and SLOs)5. Auditing and Controlling Procedures should be mutually exclusive in order to avoid fraudulent evaluation6. The long term plan of Parent Organisation with a work are outsourced to a vendor or delegated to a separate workforce within the organisation should facilitate the cohabitation and sustenance of both partnering organisation.(Halse, 2003)To summariz e, successful outsourcing begins with a clear-cut understanding of why it is required at all, and a clear understanding of when outsourcing is, and when it is not, a smart business practice. (Dominguez 2006)Evaluation of Vendor Selection on Enterprise Networks:The choice of a vendor should be done on the basis of several factors as discussed above. It should also take into account the nature of the parent and vendor business. Vendor selection, if done improperly may lead to failure in enterprise networks.  

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Discussion - Essay Example porter, a country through its government may require pre-shipment inspections on/ for inspection certificate to confirm that the price being charged by the exporter is commensurate with the true valley of the goods or services [to be shipped]. This therefore parries away the danger of substandard goods infiltrating a country. The same also assuages attempts to escape the payment of custom duties. This is always the case if the shipment being made is of high value, as was previously mentioned. In some cases, an inspection certificate may be required in some countries, for a specific type of goods. For instance, on the one hand, in Kuwait, an inspection certificate is required whenever there is an importation of a regulated product whose value exceeds 3,000 dollars. On the other hand, Mexico requires an inspection certificate for goods such as textiles, shoes, bicycles and shoes, if only these products fail to qualify for NAFTA. Conversely, shipments to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia must contain an inspection certificate for a small number of

Criminal Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Evidence - Essay Example s the right â€Å"to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The common arguments have been that it is illegal to conduct a search without a search warrant on the part of the law enforcement officer. Although the provisions of the Fourth Amendment hold that the right of a person against illegal searches is inviolable, there are exemptions to the enforcement of this right. Apprehensions on the road are one of the areas where the person may not legally invoke the Fourth Amendment1. In the case of Pennsylvania v Mimms2, the court rules that drivers and passengers have no Fourth Amendment right not to be ordered out of their vehicle once a proper stop is made. According to the case of California v Carney3, â€Å"The Constitution affords a lesser degree of protection for a vehicle than a residence because of the vehicle’s ready mobility†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, the decision of this case should be tempered with the test of reasonableness enunciated under the case of Delaware v Prouse4 where the Court warned that there must be a reasonable ground for stopping the vehicle such as the reasonable suspicion that the driver do not have a license and that the vehicle is not registered. A law enforcement officer manning traffic should not just arbitrarily stop vehicles without just cause as this is a clear violation of the Fourth Amendment right of the driver and the passengers. In case of Maryland v Wilson, the Court ruled that where the driver has committed a â€Å"minor vehicular offense† there is no reason to stop and detain the passengers. However, since technically, the passengers have already been stopped when the vehicle was stopped, the fact that they are requested by the law enforcement officers to disembark from the vehicle is of little concern. In the case of Michigan v Long it was ruled that an officer making a traffic stop may order passengers to get out of the car pending completion of the stop. In connection

How social media are reshaping health care Essay

How social media are reshaping health care - Essay Example What do young people today play in their extracurricular activities? If your answer is still computer games, then it seems that you are out of date. Today the most popular activity among those young people is keeping fit. That is the reason as to why your friends who used to be overweight and extremely fond of junk food begun to refuse the cola you handed them and spent much time in the gym. A young man’s eight strong abdominals seem to be more attractive to girls than his luxury car. So how come? Why is keeping fit so popular? When do people start to concentrate more on their health care than how much money they make? Twitter and Facebook and other social media platforms offer individuals with health awareness tips. According to Hawn (2009), social media such as wikis, blogs, twitter, Facebook, and other social networks platforms are all about enriching and speeding up communication especially between the contact of patients and doctors. She described a kind of high-tech health care called â€Å"Hello Health† in her passage. Patients could send doctors instant messages over the Hello Health network describing their symptoms and asking them for advice; the doctor would reply with a quick e-mail, which is free. In effect, Hello Health was operating as a kind of â€Å"concierge† practice. Health insurers typically did not pay for â€Å"visits† over the Internet, which was just one reason as to why the practice does not accept health insurance. â€Å"Hello health left behind the old model of one-to-one communication and enabled communication from one to many (via a blog post or answer sheet) or from many sources to many receivers† (Hawn, 2009). The practice was based on its network communication platform to other doctors in service at hospitals or private practices across the country. Doctors would be able to freely join the network, and then

Hw Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Hw - Assignment Example I would start the process through engagement to enable the employees to cope with the new system after the crisis. The leader I admire has the power of observation in the identification of potential problems. This occurs through having an intelligence team that finds sensitive information about an expected incidence. The information aids in the formulation of appropriate strategies to solve the issue. The classical approach emphasizes on the need to motivate employees to increase productivity in organizational efficiency. In contrast, the neoclassical approach emphasizes on the need to utilize machines for organizational efficiency. For work ‘A’, the level if the level of command or compliance is low, while the effectiveness is high. Low levels of commitment from the employees lead to low effectiveness. For work ‘B’, a low level of command or compliance leads to low effectiveness, while a high level of commitment or mutual adjustment leads to high effectiveness (Buono, p. 16). People think that there needs to be a limitation in the management control for effectiveness. This leads to low commitments while at work and this could affect the goals of the

Business Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Business Law - Case Study Example (II) The federal statute to protect endangered bird species could be challenged in US District Court located in Minnesota, and the Missouri state statute about toxic-carrying vehicles could be challenged at the Circuit Court of Missouri, while the one dealing with interracial couples could be challenged at Circuit Court of Missouri (Family branch). (III) The argument against the Federal Statute to protect endangered birds would be that the State of Minnesota has not enacted any laws against using the area for construction purposes; the argument against Missouri state statutes would be that the US Constitution (which is the last legally binding documents for US citizens) doesn’t enforce such requirements. (I) Ralph can either lodge his case at Nevada Supreme Court or use the US District Court in Nevada. These two courts have the constitutional powers to hear the litigation instituted by Ralph against Drug-Free Enterprises for breaching the contractual agreement between them (Clarkson et al., 2008). (ii) Addressing the issue of jurisdiction authority, Nevada Supreme Court has the Constitutional authority to hear the case because Drug-Free Enterprises is incorporated in its jurisdiction. With similar reason, the US Constitution has statutes that handle the issue of breach of commercial contracts. And since all states in America are legally bound by the US Constitution (under the jurisdiction of the federal government), hence the US District Court in Nevada can hear this litigation against Drug-Free Enterprises (Clarkson et al., 2008). (iii) In order for Ralph to win this case, his argument must be presented strongly by invoking the statutes of the Federal Government and the state of Nevada that prohibit the act of contract-breaching. Such laws include Section 235 (2) of the Restatement Second of Contracts and comment (b) to Section 235, which states that inability to performance a contractual duty is a breach of the

Emily Dickinson Essay Example for Free

Emily Dickinson Essay Emily Dickinson, one of the best-known American poetesses, was born in Amherst, western Massachusetts in the 1830. The house where poetess spent the greatest part of her lifetime was called the Homestead. It was built in the 1803 by her grandfather, sold and then bought out in the 1855. Her parents both graduated from the Amherst College. Emily’s father was a well-known person in the town, as he was a treasurer of Amherst College (which was earlier co-founded by her grandfather), a good lawyer and he also was a republican representative to the national legislatures. It is said that Emily’s mother didn’t play an important role in her life, as she couldn’t provide her daughter with the amount of emotions and attention she needed. The poetess herself later referred to her as a sort of a person â€Å"to whom you hurry when you are troubled†. Her early years she spent accompanied by her younger sister Lavinia and a brother whose name was Austin. Her parents, who both were the members of the orthodox Congregational Church, tried to make of her an educated and religious woman who someday will have to take care of her own family. But it became evident later that Emily’s individualistic approach to life, her certain personal features didn’t allow her to perform the social role that was prescribed for the women of her social status at that times. Emily received good education, especially for a women living in the 19th century. First she studied in the Amherst women’s academy and than she spent a year in a Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. Both the first and the second educational establishment devoted endless hours to religious edifications, so the poet’s growing up occurred under the severe religious pressure. At the academy she became notorious as one of the few students who refused to admit her faith in Christ on public. This fact darkened her further sojourn in that establishment, as Emily felt alienated and misunderstood at the place, where everybody shared the beliefs she didn’t fully support. Although she participated in the agency of the community of the Christian resurgence, she failed to become a convinced believer and didn’t join the church community. In 1955 during Emily’s travel to Washington to visit her father, who was a congressman at that period, she stopped at Philadelphia to listen the sermon of the known priest whose name was Charles Wadsworth. She corresponded with him for a long period of time and he is presumed to be Emily’s first love, one of her deeply hidden romantic disappointments which inspired her writings. Another Emily’s presumable object of passion was Samuel Bowles, the editor of the â€Å"Springfield Republican†. Today some researchers say that Dickinson stayed unmarried because of the well hidden passion she had for women. They support their viewpoint giving the feministic analysis of her verses. They also note that Emily kept very close relationship with some of her friends who were woman, and only the strict traditions and beliefs of her time didn’t allow Emily to reveal her real passions. These researchers give us the information that the poetess’s letters to her friend and sister-in-law Susanne Gilbert were thoroughly edited before publishing by her niece, to exclude all the â€Å"passionate love confessions† from there. Other scientists explain the fact of Dickinson being single by some of her personal traits which made marriage undesirable for her. Emily was said to be very careful choosing friends and some people think that she just couldn’t find a man she could live with. Some of the researchers think that the poetess’s desire to stay unmarried was dictated by the customs which existed in the USA at those times. It was acceptable for a women to stay a spinster and to â€Å"keep the house† for the rest of her life. So, both Emily and her sister Lavinia didn’t have husbands. The only member of that family whose love life was successful was their brother Austin. He married a â€Å"genteel† girl from New-York, Susanne Gilbert who later became one of the closest Emily’s friends. Dickinson kept corresponding with some of her friends and relatives for all her life. What is interesting is that she often wrote and received letters from her next door neighbor Susanne Dickinson, her brother’s wife. Emily’s letters are a valuable source that provides us with the information about her personality, character, and attitudes and, what is also important, her life patterns. Emily’s most productive years were 1858-1863, when the number of the poems written enlarged from 52 in the 1858 to the 366 in the 1852. Researches strongly argue on the reason of such productivity increase and most of them agree that there was some failed love affair in Emily’s life in the late fifties. The efforts to define the object of her interest failed. Assumptions made on this topic touched almost everybody with whom Emily communicated closely, including her brother, Susan Gilbert, her sister-in-law, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Judge Otis Lord, Charles Wadsworth and her friend Kate Scott Anthon, but no evidence of Dickinson having a romantic affair with anyone of these people is not found yet. It is known that Emily didn’t strive for the publicity at all. Only ten of her verses were published during her life and all of these under the pseudonym. Some even think that the poetess didn’t give her permission for the publication. A data exists that she was offered by Thomas Niles of Roberts Brothers publishing house to publish her book in 1883 but refused him. It is presumed that Emily valued her privacy very much and she didn’t like the idea of becoming a well-known person. Instead of printing and publishing her books Emily Dickinson made manuscripts, which were later called fascicles, by herself. She begun to make them in 1958 and only death stopped her work. She shared her work in the narrow circle of her friends and relatives. Emily Dickinson was known for being an eccentric person throughout the dwellers of Amherst. From the 1970 she never wore anything except white dresses and she rarely went out of her yard. The poet rarely communicated with anyone except her family and those who wanted to talk to her had pass the â€Å"face-control† made by her sister Lavinia on Emily’s request. It seems that her inner world was so tender and vulnerable that it was hard for her to let a new person to enter there. Emily chose her surroundings carefully, but she gave all her love and affection to those whom she found worthy of trust. Emily died in the 1886, presumably of some kind of kidney’s disease. Her sister was astonished when she found more than a thousand verses stashed in the wooden bureau in Dickinson’s cabinet. Three volumes of Emily’s poems were published by Lavinia, but she of course couldn’t enjoy her triumph or oppose to those who criticized her. But it seems to me it wouldn’t grieve her, as she said everything she wanted to say in her verses. She made her manifest to the world and now it’s our turn.

Changing Scene Of Healthcare Adminstration

Changing Scene Of Healthcare Adminstration This paper will focus on the changing scene of the healthcare environment. The health care industry is a challenging and gruesome environment. Healthcare providers must ensure that patients are provided with the best care. There are many challenges that managers face in an environment that change on a daily basis. Healthcare managers must be ready to face take on these changes so that their organizations maintains a competitive edge. Organizations continue to pursue new challenges so that they can compete in the global marketplace, they often conclude that multidisciplinary teams are needed to develop innovative products and services and respond to customers interested in a broad range of products and services (Liebler McConnell, 2008). When a manager is taking on a new task of managing split departments he or she must be able to lead and communicate effectively. A lack of communication can be the main cause a manager fails in their new role. Multidisciplinary teams provide a structure for bringing together employees with the diverse technical backgrounds needed for these tasks. The increasing popularity of team-based organizational structures reflects the widely shared belief that teamwork offers the potential to achieve outcomes that could not be achieved by individuals working in isolation (Liebler McConnell, 2008). Healthcare managers that are in charge of split departments must determine what goals the department will need to meet. This can be done through carefully analyzing the specific attributes and qualities of the department. Senior level managers should establish team leaders that can ensure department employees have the necessary resources they need to accomplish the mission. As they restructure around multidisciplinary teams, however, many organizations are discovering that teams do not always produce the desired results. Even when teams fulfill their potential, team members and their organizations may experience unanticipated negative side-effects, such as unproductive conflict and high turnover (Liebler McConnell, 2008). Below is a list of task and responsibility that split level department managers will need to conduct, due to changes within the organization. Approving more time cards Conducting a larger number of performance appraisals Providing senior employees with leadership responsibilities over teams Establishing a diverse environment Setting performance measures for the employees to meet Creating new performance standards Creating new position descriptions Creating a travel schedule so that management can visit employees at other facilities. Healthcare managers conduct the following task listed above on a daily basis and these task will change when the new managers is responsible for multidisciplinary departments. The managers will have to understand the basic foundation of each specialty that he or she is responsibility within their department. Employees will need to receive diversity training on an annual or semi-annual term. Managers will need to determine ways in which grievances can be solved without disrupting the work-flow of the organization. The main goal is for a split department manager to achieve is to ensure the mission and the objectives of the organization is achieved while maintain customer and patient satisfaction. What does this split-department situation do to your efficiency as a manager and how can you compensate for this change? A manager that is new to operating a split-department can have a low efficiency rate at first. The reason being is that the manager might not understand his or her new role and responsibility. Managers will need to undergo transitional training. This training can be for a month, so that when the new manager takes over their new role, they have a clear understanding of the requirements; they will need to be successful in the new position. The efficiency of the department can also be determined by the number of supervisors the employee reports too. In many cases, when there is more than one manager, giving the employee guidance on task it can become confusing for the employee and may lead to a deficiency in work performance. Unity of command is increasingly regarded as something of a theoretical ideal in that in many instances it is being abandoned in favor of split-reporting relationships in which a single subordinate reports to two or more superiors (Jacobs, Smith, Street, 2006). The ability to maintain a split department that has a high efficiency rate will be based on the managerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s communication and leadership skills. Managers who do not communicate with their employees will never witness high efficiency levels within their department. Newly appointed split department managers will have to deal with resistance. Resistance to change will never be completely eliminated. In many cases employees will need to be flexible and adapt to change as change occurs within the organization. It is critical that managers have full knowledge and understanding of what is happening and why it is happening are the strongest forces the manager can bring to bear on the problems of resistance to change. On what specific management skill should the newly appointed split department manager be concentrating? A newly appointed split department manager must possess excellent communication skills. Communication skills are critical in a healthcare organization. Effective communication is about sending a message to a receiver that is clear and understandable. When the receiver does not understand the message being sent the task being requested cannot be successful completed. Communication in the healthcare environment is critical and can be the determination of life and death for a patient. When information is not passed along correctly patient may receive the wrong prescription or they may have surgery performed on the wrong site. It is important that managers inform employees of the importance of providing accurate and clear communication. In a recent survey of recruiters from companies with more than 50,000 employees, communication skills were cited as the single more important decisive factor in choosing managers. The survey, conducted by the University of Pittsburghà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Katz Business School, points out that communication skills, including written and oral presentations, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factor contributing to job success (Mulrennan, 2010). Case: In need of improvement Operating deficiencies can deter the progress of the organization. It is critical that managers identify problems as they occur so that they can be resolved at the lowest level. The reason for the massive restructure is so that the department can account for items that are being provided. The following measures listed below will be implemented immediately and management will work as a team to ensure these measures happen in a timely manner. The next re-evaluation of the department will be conducted in 30 days. The following measures will be taken in order to improve the current structure of the department. A justification will be written as to why another processing aide is needed. The current work load will be analyzed to determine whether the justification for another processor is appropriate. An inventory management program that is replicated from the department of veteran affairs regulations will be created. Only a 30 day inventory level will be maintained in stock. The inventory specialist and the manager will conduct an inventory every month. Appropriate re-order levels will be set so that items will not complete run out. Management will develop a plan for organizing the current work environment so that space can be utilized effectively. Once the new guidelines are implemented, managers must monitor the implementation of the change to ensure it will work long-term. A new work method, dependent for its success on willing adoption by individual employees, can be introduced in a burst of enthusiasm only to die of its own weight as the novelty wears off and old habits return. New habits are not easily formed, and the employees need all the help the manager can furnish through conscientious follow-up (Liebler McConnell, 2008). Classic management functions Manager at all levels have five basic management functions that they must follow in order to successful operate an organization. These functions have been used for many years and have enable managers to be successful. When these functions are used incorrectly organizations will suffer from lack of productivity. Planning is the first management function. This is a critical function and involves developing the mission and what goals the organization is going to accomplish. Managers must plan for the success of the organization by evaluating all areas of the organization. Through this evaluation managers will be able to determine what areas are weak and strong. An example of planning would be when healthcare managers are moving an entire department to another floor. Managers will need to plan the move with engineering and IT so that work stations and furniture gets moved to the correct location (Marquis, Huston, 2008). Planning the move of an entire department will require constant communication on the immediate supervisorà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s part. He or she will need to keep employees constantly informed on the status of the move. Organizing is the second management function. Mangers will need to use the organizing function when trying to plan effectively. When managers are planning to move one department to another floor, they must create a timeline so that the move will be organized according to a schedule. This timeline will provide employees with a start and end date of the move. Manager can also organize a schedule on what section will be moving first and who will be moving last. Staffing is the third management function. It requires filling and keeping filled with qualified people all positions in the business. Recruiting, hiring, training, evaluating and compensating are the specific activities included in the function (Marquis, Huston, 2008). Managers will need to ensure they are interviewing and hiring qualified candidates for the positions they have vacant. An example of staffing is when a logistic manager is conducting performance appraisals on his or her employees. Managers who conduct performance appraisal will be keeping employees informed on the progress they have been making while working for the organization. Directing is the fourth management function and requires influencing peoples behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline. It is critical that managers have excellent leadership and communication skills. Senior level managers who have the responsibility of directing junior mangers will need to communicate with them on a regular basis, so those employees are aware of the organizations status. Healthcare managers can also provide leadership training to those mid-level managers who might be having a difficult time leading and communicating with their employees. The purpose of directing is to channel the behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organizations mission and objectives while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives. An example of directing is when a team leader directs their subordinate to accomplish a task within a specific timeframe. In order for the manger to be successful with direct leadership authority they must provide the employees with the necessary resources they will need to accomplish the mission. Controlling is the fifth management function. Managers can develop performance standards in order to implement this function. Controlling is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the firms objectives, measuring and reporting actual performance, comparing the two, and taking corrective or preventive action as necessary. Managers are responsible for controlling the daily operations of their departments. In many cases when an employee cannot control a problem from erupting they will normally involve their manager. All managers must have the capability of solving problems that may arise within the organization. Since planning is an active pursuit, how can doing nothing be indicative of planning to fail? Managers are required to plan for worst case scenarios. When managers do not plan for the problems they may foresee in the future they have set the organization up for failure. The reason being is that when these problems occur managers will not know how to handle or solve the problems. Therefore the problem will escalate and may eventually cause harm on the organizations operations. What is one legitimate example of organizing that the department manager may never encounter or may perhaps encounter only once in a great while? And one example of organizing that the department manager may employ multiple times in a normal workday? The department manager may have to organize an event that will allow multiple disciplines to come together and work on their customer service or team building skills. An example of organizing that the department manager may employ multiple times in a normal workday is when a manager organizes the employeeà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s workload for that day or the next day. What is the management function most closely associated with teaching, guiding, and motivating workers? Directing is the management function that is closely associated with teaching, guiding and motivating others. It is important that managers provide guidance and direction over their employees so that the daily task of the organization can be accomplished in a timely manner. In conclusion the healthcare industry is constantly changing. Healthcare managers must train their employees to adapt to change so that productivity can continue to increase. The five management functions that were explained earlier can be used to strengthen any organization from the ground up. Communication and leadership skills are essential if managers are going to succeed in training and maintain a workforce that can satisfy patients and employees.

ATR-FTIR Analysis for Oil Type Identification

ATR-FTIR Analysis for Oil Type Identification Abstract Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis could greatly help in the identification of oil. By mere inspection of the IR spectra, saturated oils can be easily distinguished from coconut oils. Identification of oils can be enhance by the use of chemometrical techniques such Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Using this technique, subtle differences in the spectra can be used to classify vegetable oils. This study have shown that ATR-FTIR together with PCA can be used to differentiate unsaturated oils from saturated oil and discriminate virgin coconut oil (VCO) from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO). Introduction Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has a potential to be one of the Philippines’ high-value export products. In the first half of 2005 alone about 350 metric tons of VCO were shipped to foreign markets. Virgin coconut oil is a minimally process or a cold press oil obtained by mechanical means (Philippine National Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil 2005) such as crushing pressing and centrifugation. These procedures result in the retention of the natural flavor and minor components of the oil, which can otherwise be destroyed by chemical process such as refining, deodorizing and bleaching. Cold pressed oils commands a higher price compared to processed oils because these â€Å"natural† procedures deliver lower yield and uses higher quality raw materials to prevent spoilage (Ulberth and Buchgraber 2000). To ensure the quality of VCO in the country, The Philippine National Standard provided a criterion (PNS/BAFPS 22:2004). This standard includes determination of fatty acid composition using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), iodine value and sensory parameters such as taste, odor and color (Philippine National Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil 2005). However, it is a known fact that the fatty acid profile of oils is species dependent; therefore this classification method cannot distinguish VCO from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO). Iodine value in the other hand gives information on the degree of unsaturation of the oil and may be use only to distinguish coconut oils from unsaturated oil like corn oil (CO) and soybean oil (SO) but cannot discriminate VCO from CCO. Sensory parameters can easily be manipulated by bleaching and deodorizing the oil or by addition of flavoring agents. In recent years, various spectroscopic methods have been employed to authenticate vegetable oils such as virgin olive oil (VOO) (Aparicio and Luna 2002; Bucci et al. 2002; Dupuy et al. 1996; Lankmayr et al. 2004; Ozen et al. 2003; Tapp et al. 2003; Tay et al. 2002; Vigli et al. 2003; Yang et al. 2005). These techniques have the advantages of minimal sample preparation and rapid analysis time (Ulberth and Buchgraber 2000). In the study conducted by Yang et al (2005), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was found to be the most efficient in classification of oils as compared to Fourier Transform Raman and Fourier Transform Near Infrared spectroscopy. An attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory is usually used with the FTIR spectrometer for oil and fat study due to its ability to handle liquid samples easily. The resulting infrared spectrum contains all vibrational information about the entire components of the sample. In order to take full advantage of the spectral infor mation, including subtle features that may not be readily discerned, pattern recognition techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are commonly used. These techniques can reveal relationships that were not previously suspected, which can lead to interpretations that are not readily apparent by mere visual inspection of IR spectra alone (Beebe et al. 1998; Davies and Fearn 2005). PCA is a mathematical manipulation used to reorganize the high-dimensionality of spectroscopic data into a smaller number of â€Å"Principal Components† or PCs that can account for the majority of the information in the data set. Methodology All samples of edible oils were obtained from reputable supermarkets in Iloilo City. Samples include four brands of VCO [a total of six samples, one brand have a total of three samples, two regular VCO with different manufacturing dates (labeled as VCO2 and VCO3) and one corn flavored VCO (labeled as VCO4) ] , three different brands of coconut oil ( CCO1, CCO2, and CCO3) and one brand each of corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CLO), virgin olive oil (VOO) and palm oil (PO). The oils were stored in their original containers until used. Minimal opening of bottles were observed to prevent oxidation of oils. Infrared (IR) spectra of samples were obtained at 4000 – 400 cm-1, 1 cm-1 resolution and 64 scans; using the Avatar 330 Thermo Nicolet FTIR equipped with DTGS (deuterated tri-glycine sulphate) detector and EZ OMNIC software at the University of the Philippines in the Visayas Chemistry Laboratory, Miag-ao, Iloilo. Samples were placed directly on a multi-bounce zinc selenide horizontal ATR crystal. The ATR crystal was totally cleaned using acetone after each run. IR spectral data of different oils from EZ OMNIC software were converted to Microsoft Excel files. Data were arranged in tabular form, different oils in columns and transmittance at different wavelengths in rows. The excel file was then transferred to Unscrambler version 9.6 for Principal Components Analysis. The evaluation version of this software can be downloaded at www.camo.com. Results and Discussion The FTIR spectra of most fats and oils appeared almost visually similar; the slight differences in the spectral features reflect the variations in the fatty acid composition (Figure1 to 6). Every peak in the spectra represents structural and functional group, either of the oil or other minor components. At the high frequency end of the spectrum (4000-3500 cm-1) only a few absorption bands can be observed. The most notable are the absorption bands due to O-H stretching vibration at about 3700 and 3400 cm-1, which may be due to moisture, alcohol or fatty acids. Both alcohols and free fatty acids are degradation product of triglycerides which accumulate during prolong storage and in the presence of moisture. For a clean and dry oil, only the first overtone of the C=O vibration could be seen. The strong band dominating the 3000-2840 cm-1 region is due to C-H stretches of methylene and terminal methyl groups. The =C-H stretch absorbed at slightly higher region, 3095 -3010 cm-1. A strong a bsorption peak in the range of 1750-1735 cm-1 is due to the C=O stretch of an aliphatic ester. If degradation has occurred a shoulder located on the lower frequency side of this will appear due to the C=O stretch of the resulting long chain carboxylic acid (1730-1700 cm-1). A sharp peak at about 1660-1600 cm-1 results from a C=C stretching vibration. The presence of this peak together with a C-H peak at wavenumber greater than 3000 cm-1 is a good indication of unsaturation. The part of the spectrum lower than 1500 cm-1 is called the fingerprint region. The absorption in this area of the spectrum is highly characteristic of the molecule as a whole, and can be used to identify the substance (Pavia et al. 2000; van de Voort et al. 2001). As shown in Figure1-6 its is easy to distinguish unsaturated oils from saturated oils by observing the regions that indicate unsaturation, 3095-3010 cm-1 and 1660-1600 cm-1. For olive, corn, palm, canola and soybean oil sharp peaks are seen in both of these areas but no such peaks can be seen in the IR spectra of either CCO or VCO. Thus, visual examination of the IR spectrum can provide a way to distinguish unsaturated oils from coconut oils. However, visual inspection of the spectra alone is insufficient to differentiate VCO from CCO because their IR spectra are identical to the naked eye. To compare such large data sets like IR spectra, which consist of more than a thousand wavelengths, Principal Component Analysis can be used. This chemometrical technique mathematically models the data into a more manageable data sets (consisting of a few principal components) that can then be interpreted more easily (Brereton 2003). Principal Component Analyses were performed on the spectra of all oils using Unscrambler version 9.6 software. The software generated several important plots. The percent variance plot gives the total variation in the data set that is described by a particular PC. This plot can be used to determine the number of PC that can effectively describe the whole data set. The 2D scatter plot (PCy vs. PCx) represents how the samples are related to each other. The closeness of the samples in the plot is interpreted as chemical similarity(Beebe and others 1998). The percent variance plot (Figure 7) of the oil samples spectra generated by the software shows that the first two principal components represent almost 100% of the variance in the data set. As a general rule the PCs that account for less than 5% of the data variation can be rejected (Beebe and others 1998), therefore the first two PCs are sufficient in making our investigation. The scatter plot of first principal component (PC1) versus the second principal component (PC2) shows that it possible to separate the oils into two separate groups, the unsaturated and coconut oil group (Figure 8). Unsaturated oil group consists of corn oil, soya oil, canola oil, palm oil while that of the coconut oil includes CVO and CCO. Performing the same analysis on CCO and VCO spectra reveals that only the PC1 and the PC2 are highly significant (Figure 9). However, the scatter plot of the two PCs did not successfully separate VCO from CCO (Figure 10). Close inspection of spectra reveal that there are absorption bands at the high frequency region that might indicate the presence of moisture, fatty alcohol or fatty acids in some samples. This observation is confirmed by the Influence Plot (Figure 11) that shows that there is a high residual variance of the 3740 cm-1, a wavenumber corresponding to H-O absorption. This indicates that the moisture content, fatty alcohol or the free fatty acid content of the oil may have greatly controlled the classification process. The other residual in the influence plot may be due to other components of VCO or CCO that are vital in the classification process. To correct for the effect of the O-H absorption band, it was decided to eliminate wavelength above 1800 cm-1 from the spectra of the oil and use only the area encompassing the carbonyl carbon (C=O) and fingerprint region, 1800-400 cm-1. Principal component analysis of this part of the spectra shows that the first two PC can be used to correctly classify VCO and CCO into separate groups (Figure 12 and 13). In conclusion, FTIR identification of oils can be enhance by the use of chemometrical techniques such Principal Component Analysis. Using this technique, subtle differences in the spectra can be used to classify oil. FTIR together with PCA can differentiate unsaturated oils from saturated oil and can discriminate virgin coconut oil from ordinary refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil (CCO). Acknowledgement The authors are very grateful to the UP System for upgrading the UPV Chemistry Laboratory and for the purchase of the FTIR used this study possible. Literature Cited Aparicio R, Luna G. 2002. Charaterization of Monovarietal Virgin Olive Oils. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology 104:614-627. Beebe KR, Pell RR, Mary BS. 1998. Chemometrics: A Practical Guide. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. 348 p. Brereton RG. 2003. Chemometrics Data Analysis for the Laboratory and Chemical Plant. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons Ltd. 489 p. Bucci R, Magri AD, Magri AL, Marini D, Marini F. 2002. Chemical Authentication of extra Virgin Olive Oil Varieties by Supervise Chemometric Procedure. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 50:413-418. Davies AMC, Fearn T. 2005 Back to Basics: The Principles of Principal Component Analysis. Spectroscopy Asia:35-38. Dupuy N, Duponchel L, Huvenne J, Sombret B, Legrand P. 1996. Classification of Edible Fats and Oils by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra. Food Chemistry 57(2):245-251. Lankmayr E, Mocak J, Serdt K, Balla B, Wenzl T, Bandoniene D, Gfrerer M, Wagner S. 2004. Chemometrical Classification of Pumpkin Seed OIl using Uv-Vis, NIR and FTIR Spectra. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 61(1-2):95-106. Ozen BF, Weiss I, Mauer L. 2003. Dietary Supplement Oil Classification and Detection of Adulteration Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 51:5871-5876. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS. 2000. Introduction to Spectroscopy. New York: Brooks Cole. Philippine National Standard for Virgin Coconut Oil. 2005. PNS/BAFPS 22:2004. Tapp HS, Defernez M, Kemsley K. 2003. FTIR spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis can Distinguish the Geographic Origin of Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 51:6110-6115. Tay A, Singh RK, Krishnan SS, Gore JP. 2002. Authentication of Olive Oil Adulterated with Vegetable Oils Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. LWT-Food Science and Technology 35:99-103. Ulberth F, Buchgraber M. 2000. Authenticity of Fats and OIls. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology 102:687-694. van de Voort F, Sedman J, Russin T. 2001. Lipid Analysis by Vibrational Spectroscopy. European Journal of Lipid Science Technology 103:815-840. Vigli G, Philippidis A, Spyros A, Dais P. 2003. Classification of Edible Oils by Employing 31P and 1H NMR Spectroscopy in Combination with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. A Proposal for the Detection of Seed Oil Adulteration in Virgin Olive Oils. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 51:5715-5722. Yang H, Irudayaraj J, Paradkar M. 2005. Discriminant Analysis of Edible Oils and Fats by FTIR, FT-NIR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 93:25-32.

The Success of Gateway Computer :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Success of Gateway Computer Gateway 2000 was formed by Ted Waitt(CEO), in September 1985, in Sioux City, Iowa. The company was founded along with Senior Vice president Mike Hammond. In 1990, as the company began to blossom it was moved to its current location in North Sioux City, South Dakota. They formed Gateway 2000 with one goal in mind- to offer PC buyers a logical alternative to high markups, limited choices and inadequate support, common in the retail PC market (Gateway.com 1). These two partners started selling hardware and software to people who owned Texas Instrument computers. The placed ads in computer related publications, selling to the end user. These two guys were the pioneers of direct-marketing in the PC industry. Finally in 1987 Ted Waitt recognized the possibility of selling fully configured computers, at good prices. This idea gave Gateway a tremendous push forward into the computer industry. In 1987 the company reported revenues of 1.5 million dollars, later in 1989, it jumped to an astounding 70.6 million dollars. Finally, in 1996, they jumping into the billions with 5.04 billion dollars. In 1993, Gateway became a traded company in the NASDAQ market system under the symbol GATE. Making improvement along the way they moved to the New York Stock Exchange on May 22, 1997 and uses the symbol GTW. On June 16, 1997 the stock split. Gateway 2000 is a leading global marketer of personal computers. Although they are a leader in global marketing they have a problem with their laptop division. the laptop division holds one of the lowest market shares in the market. Toshiba the leader in market share holds 21.2 percent of the market, Compaq holding 15.7, IBM with 12.4, Dell with 6.1, Acer with 5.0, Packard Bell with 4.4, Fujitsu with 3.4, Hitachi with 3.3, Micron with 3.2, and finally Gateway with 2.8 percent. With Gateways new and improved marketing plan, they should increase to the top over the next five years. Gateway’s current target market is the home PC user. They put forth most of their energy trying to make the customer feel comfortable with its product. They also want the customer to feel as though they made the right decision buying from Gateway. This attitude will help Gateway in selling itself. They will not need to use extreme advertising because the word of mouth is the most powerful advertising tool.

Leonardo Da Vinci Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519), Florentine artist of the Renaissance (the period of Western European history stretching from the early 14th century to the mid to late 16th century), a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. His deep love for nature, knowledge, research and experience, was the central reason of both his artistic and scientific accomplishments. " Though I have no power to quote from authors as they do I shall rely on a bigger and more worthy thing-on experience."{The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci pg.2} His originality in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies--particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics--anticipated many of the developments of modern science. His amazing powers of observation and skill as an illustrator enabled him to notice and recreate the effects he saw in nature, and added a special liveliness to his portraits. Curious as well as observant, he constantly tried to explain what he saw, and described many experiments to test his ideas. Because he wrote down and sketched so many of his observations in his Notebooks, it's known that he was among the very first to take a scientific approach towards understanding how our world works, and also reveal his sense of freedom, by disagreeing with the authorities (Bible, Aristotle, Plato) of his time. Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest figures of Renaissance due to his contributions to the world artistically, scientifically and more importantly his freedom of thought, according to his Notebooks. Leonardo's close relationship with nature along with his curiosity led him to many discoveries that have become exceedingly useful to all h... ...ues of perspective. He opened the doors of human freedom for many thinkers that came after him. His sense of freedom and independence is seen throughout his work. What makes Leonardo exceptional is the notion that he acquired all his knowledge through experience. In Leonardo's period freedom of thought or speech did not exist, as it does today. All persons were forced to agree and go along with authorities, which at that time were the Bible, Plato and Aristotle. If people were critical of the authorities they would deal with deadly consequences. Leonardo did not hesitate; using his Notebooks he expressed his thoughts freely. Throughout his life he questioned and criticized the authorities. His freedom of thought and courageousness opened many doors for other scholars. Works Cited 1452, and 1519. The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci Complete. Public Domain Books, 2004.

Capital Punishment Essay: Clarifying Impressions of Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Clarifying Impressions of Capital Punishment      Ã‚   There are many false impressions floating around through American society concerning the death penalty; this paper hopes to clarify some of the more prominent, noticeable ones.    Does the death penalty deter? Scientific studies have consistently failed to find convincing evidence that the death penalty deters crime more effectively than other punishments. The most recent survey of research findings on the relation between the death penalty and homicide rates, conducted for the United Nations in 1988 and updated in 1996, concluded: "Research has failed to provide scientific proof that executions have a greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment and such proof is unlikely to be forthcoming. The evidence as a whole still gives no positive support to the deterrent hypothesis..."(Hood 238)    Reviewing the evidence on the relation between changes in the use of the death penalty and crime rates, a study conducted for the United Nations in 1988 and updated in 1996 stated that "the fact that all the evidence continues to point in the same direction is persuasive a priori evidence that countries need not fear sudden and serious changes in the curve of crime if they reduce their reliance upon the death penalty".(Edwin)    Recent crime figures from abolitionist countries fail to show that abolition has harmful effects. In Canada, the homicide rate per 100,000 population fell from a peak of 3.09 in 1975, the year before the abolition of the death penalty for murder, to 2.41 in 1980, and since then it has declined further. In 1999, 23 years after abolition, the homicide rate was 1.76 per 100,000 population, 43 per cent lower than in 1975. The total number of homicides reported in the country fell in 1999 for the third straight year.(Hood 253)    One of the most important developments in recent years has been the adoption of international treaties whereby states commit themselves to not having the death penalty. Three such treaties now exist:    * The Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which has now been ratified by 46 states. Seven other states have signed the Protocol, indicating their intention to become parties to it at a later date. * Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("European Convention on Human Rights"), which has now been ratified by 39 European states and signed by three others.

Key Historical Developments in Nursing Research

IntroductionThe aim of this paper is to discus key historical developments in nursing research and nursing research utilization. The aforementioned events will be grouped into five categories, namely Nursing Research, Nursing Publications, Emergence of Nursing Schools, Establishment of Research Institutes, and Research Utilization. Two examples per category will be presented. Also, the paper will analyze how and to what extent the selected events have influenced nursing research.Nursing ResearchMany nursing theorists deserve being mentioned in this section, however, the selected ones produced the most significant impact on further nursing research and research utilization. Dorothea E. Orem, the author of Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, began its development in 1950’s. The theory holds that adults are generally expected to perform self-care themselves, but if they fail to do so, nursing should be provided. Another important theory, namely Modeling and Role-Modeling theory, wa s developed by Tomlin, Swain and Erickson. It was presented in a book, which was first published in 1983. Theoretical models exemplified the need for a new approach to nursing. They showed that nursing, like any other science, should be based onNursing PublicationsAmerican Journal of Nursing was first published in 1900. It is believed to be not only the oldest but also the most widely read nursing publication in the world. Slightly more than half a century later the first issue of Nursing Research, the official journal of the Eastern Nursing Research Society and the Western Institute of Nursing, was published in 1951. Professional journals are crucial for knowledge exchange among specialists from the given field. In addition, emergence of nursing journals legitimized nursing research as a separate field of study.Emergence of Nursing SchoolsYale School of Nursing established in 1923 was the first autonomous to teach and research nursing issues. In 1956 the Columbia University School of Nursing became first in the country to award a master's degree in a clinical nursing. All reputable nursing schools focus not only on teaching but also research. As the official website of Yale School of Nursing informs, the school â€Å"relies heavily on its deep tradition of excellence in research† and assures that at â€Å"one of the world's most distinguished research universities, scholarship reflects the interchange between practice and knowledge† (Yale School of Nursing, 2007, â€Å"Research and Scholarship†).Establishment of Research InstitutesWestern Institute of Nursing was established in 1957 as the Western Council on Higher Education for Nursing (WCHEN) and given its present name in 1985. It is best known as the organizer of the annual Communicating Nursing Research conference, the older event of such kind in the United States (The Western Institute of Nursing, 2007). The National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR) was founded in 1986 and playe d an important role in further advancement of nursing research by offering funding opportunities and coordinating the effort by many dispersed institutions. Both institutions offer small grants for nursing research and sustain a network of organizations and individuals involved in this research.Research UtilizationThere are different models of nursing research utilization, which were developed during the last four decades. Developed by the Michigan Nurses Association model referred to as Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) advises determining the credibility of scientific studies before implementation (MacGuire, 2006). Historically, this method can be attributed to 1970s-1980s decades, since the most prominent works advocating this method, namely â€Å"Research utilization as an organizational process† (1978) by Horsley, Crane and Bingle, â€Å"Developing research-based innovation protocols: process, criteria, and issues† (1979) by Haller, Reynolds an d Horsley, and â€Å"Using Research to Improve Nursing Practice: A Guide† (1983) by Horsley, Crane, Crabtree and Wood appeared during these decades.The Stetler Model of Research Utilization and Iowa Model for Research in Practice appeared simultaneously in 1994 (Beyea & Nicoll, 1997). The first model establishes six-step model for nursing research utilization (preparation, validation, comparative evaluation, decision making, translation and application, and evaluation), while the latter is based on Quality Assurance Model Using Research (1987) and emphasizes multidisciplinary approach to evidence-based healthcare. The emergence of these models provided a clear framework for the implementation of nursing research findings into everyday nursing practice.ConclusionNursing research and nursing research utilization evolved over the centuries, yet the most important period in the history of nursing research started in the second half of the 20th centuries due to the emergence of sc ientific theories, specialized publications, nursing schools, and research institutes.ReferencesBeyea,  S.C., & Nicoll, L.H. (March 1997). â€Å"Research utilization models help disseminate research findings and ultimately improve patient outcomes.† AORN Journal, 65(5), 978-9.MacGuire, J.M. (2006). â€Å"Putting nursing research findings into practice: research utilization as an aspect of the management of change.† Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53 (1), 65-71.Yale School of Nursing. (May 25, 2007). Home Page. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from the World Wide Web: http://nursing.yale.edu/

Chicken

Although online and offline experiences are quite different In practice, the goal remains the same. The mall purpose of the boutique and the website Is to create a unique and unforgettable experience for the customer. Smart brand marketers are the ones who realism luxury always was and always will be about the relationships. Luxury Interactive helps you advance the integration of traditional and interactive marketing strategies to create exceptional customer experiences, keeping your brand top of mind with your customers. Location Central London Hotel AttendeesLuxury executives in the following areas: Sales & Marketing, marketing, commerce, Interactive, Strategic Planning, Branding & Brand Management, PR & Advertising, Business Development, Corporate Communications, Strategic Partnerships, Customer Relationship Management & Loyalty Marketing, Interactive Campaign Management. History of Event Landmark 3/10 – 3/13 2008 El Meridian Piccadilly 03/16 – 03/18 2009 Decision Da te 9/30/09 What to include in Proposal Dates, Meeting Space outline with Room Names, Floor Plans, Menus, Meeting Space Rental, Distance to Metro Date Options 05/11 -05/13 2010Space Needs Days are flexible as long as no meetings are on Friday Monday 2 Offices Setup for Conference needs to be 110 Pl in crescent rounds with Stage, Riser and room for podium and panel table. (these people really like to spread out there papers and Interact in a table format) Setup to start at pm – 24 hour hold Exalt Setup to take place for 10 xx booths that need to be next to General Session this would need a setup of pm with 24 hold till breakdown on Wednesday at pm. Tuesday Conference Starts at am – pm needs to be set In crescent rounds for 110 Pl with

Lincoln: One of America’s Best Film

Both President Clinton and House Speaker Newt Gingrich have referred to Lincoln Electric as an example of an American firm that is one of the best in the world. This statement may be bold, though holds truth in many respects and Lincoln managers like George Willis, who was the CEO in the late 1980s and early 1990s adds to this statement: â€Å"†¦ I believe that we are the best manufacturing company in the world. Lincoln Electric is best known for its productivity incentive program, which has been widely cited over the years, and has attracted thousands of managers to company†s headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio to learn about one of the country†s oldest and most radical pay-for-performance systems. Founded in 1895 by John Cromwell Lincoln to manufacture electric motors and generators, The Lincoln Electric Company shifted its resources into manufacturing arc-welding products in 1911. Today, welding products account for more than 90 percent of net sales and range from basic units for light manufacturing to highly sophisticated machines used in robotics applications and high-production welding and fabrication. The remaining income is generated by electric motors and oxy-fuel and plasma cutting tools. The company is also the leading producer of self-shielded cored-wire electrodes and currently holds ninety percent of the world market in this area. With its over a 100 year existence, Lincoln Electric has had a successful past with a few downtimes, like the one during the 1991 recession because of an ill-conceived foreign-acquisition spree. Even during this time, the company kept its promise to its U. S. workers to pay their bonuses and went to extremes such as borrowing $100 million in 1992 and 1993, even though it lost $84 million in those years. The retired CEO Donald F. Hastings quoted saying: â€Å"We can†t break our trust with this group because of management mistakes and recessions elsewhere. From this unique example, we can understand the company†s genuine commitment to its compensation system. However, some argue that, after the 1995 sale of 40% of the company†s equity to public, this traditional close-knit relationship between management and the workers got affected. Lincoln Electric employs 5,700 workers worldwide and operates 16 manufacturing sites and 17 distribution centers in 11 countries. In 1995, the company celebrated its centennial year by posting record sales of $1. 03 billion. With increasing sales every year after 1995 – $1. 09 in 1996, $1,159 in 1997, the company is holding its leadership position in the manufacture of arc welding equipment and consumables. Lincoln†s longstanding commitments to linking pay to both individual productivity and the profitability of the corporation makes it an ideal case study for any business student. In this paper, I will explain the unique pay-for-performance compensation system of Lincoln Electric as well as investigating this system in our class context, also explaining the international expansion of the company. Incentive Performance System: its strength and weaknesses It was James E. Lincoln, John Lincoln†s younger brother, whose philosophies and beliefs about workplace relations shaped Lincoln Electric†s unique culture during his long term as head of the company from 1914 to 1965. The firm has had only a handful of leaders in a century of operation, which are mostly promoted within the company. Likewise, jobs at Lincoln Electric plants are highly prized and employee turnover is low. I think it is impressive that no one has been laid off since 1948, and the turnover rate is less than 4% among those with at least 180 days on the job. â€Å"There isn†t any other place to work like Lincoln Electric, they take care of you. † says Kathleen Hoenigman, an 18-year veteran. In today†s competitive markets, it is important to have dependable highly skilled workers and Lincoln Electric clearly is a great employer according to some employees like Mrs. Hoenigman. Companies like Lincoln Electric can afford to provide consistent employment, no matter what, by working and managing better. Thinking ahead and having creative solutions for when there is a downturn is what management is all about,† Hastings said. It really makes sense when one thinks about this statement: if no one worried about losing their job, then employees would create change instead and this kind of an ideology would definitely have a great impact on productivity. High wages, high productivity, and a high level of trust between management and workers characterize the laborer-employee relationship and this culture at Lincoln. Policies such as the â€Å"open-door† policy helps build this trust and while encouraging the employees to bring suggestions for improvement also helps the management to have non edited, raw data from their workers. It is true that millions of American workers, from sales representatives to truckers, are paid on a commission basis or according to their output. Many others collect annual bonuses tied to their employers† profits and revenues. But Lincoln is nearly unique among large American companies, paying all shop-floor workers according to a formula based on how much they produce and how much the company earns. Lincoln Electric†s compensation package for factory workers consists of a piecework system for base wages and a year-end bonus. The piecework system however is probably the major part of the total incentive system at Lincoln Electric. With this system, a worker can make more per day or per week or per month during the year with or without a bonus. The workers are paid on the quality of what they produce. Thus, in a way, Lincoln†s 3,400 U. S. employees are supposed to be self-managing entrepreneurs. Each employee is accountable for the quality of his or her own works and is rated twice a year on quality, output, dependability, cooperation and ideas. The ratings determine how much of the total corporate bonus pool each worker will get, which comes on top of his or her hourly wage. There†s minimal supervision and employers only get paid when they work, and there is no sick or holiday pay, which created some problems for Lincoln Electric in their foreign subsidiaries. â€Å"How much money you make is in your own hands,† says Thomas Gadomski, a painting-crew leader. All 3,400 Lincoln Electric shop-floor workers do well, with wages averaging $58,000 in 1995 (the last year for which company would provide data), not counting the value of their decent package of medical, vacation and retirement benefits. On the other hand, the programs developed 40 years ago at Lincoln to boost the production are helping contain workers compensation costs. Gil Frey, director of employee benefits and relations, said the company saves about $44,000 per month as a result of its return-to-work strategies. Despite all the incentives and high salaries, the company, which is publicly traded in NYSE, hardly operates as a charity. 1997†³s net income of $85 million represented a 20 percent return on shareholder equity in a very competitive industry. Donald Hastings who is strong defender of the piecework system argues against the people, who consider the piecework system as a type of 19th Century pay system that was designed to take advantage of the worker, and he adds that it is what killed the piecework system in the U. S. Thus, he believes that the piecework system at Lincoln has fairly set rates. However, very few manufacturers have taken the pay-for-performance route, and the reasons are not actually hard to comprehend. For one thing, it is difficult to sustain large differences in pay for the same job category also measuring individual productivity in industrial settings can be a challenge all by itself, unless if you have a well established system like Lincoln. Yet I am sure that, at times inevitably there is ambiguity at Lincoln too, but clearly it is very minimum. These are some of the reasons why it would be difficult to replicate Lincoln†s success, because it also requires highly disciplined and motivated labor. Moreover, in addition to piecework bonus system, guaranteed employment up to 30 hours and the annual bonus system where employees are paid once a year up to an average of 50% to 60% -recent years† average- of the base pay created a sense of ownership among the employees. Lastly, as a result of all these incentive systems, the high productivity and high output rate with less defects, and innovation gives Lincoln Electric the competitive edge in the market. One manufacturing manager explained it perfectly: â€Å"We strive for high productivity based on employee effort, continuous improvement in production processes, and a seven-day-a-week utilization of equipment. By passing on cost savings to our customers, we generate very high demand that allows you to send everything you make straight out the door. † These are the main strengths of Lincoln Electric, but just like any other organization, Lincoln Electric have some weaknesses too. Unfortunately, the Lincoln incentive model is not quite the smashing success it once was. Problems started with the recession in 1991, and in 1995, after management stumbles forced the family-controlled manufacturer to sell more shares to the public. From that point on, Lincoln started looking more like a public company. With new shareholders, and new board members came new ideas, which had impacts on some of the core values of the company, and the worker bonuses has started getting smaller. At the same time, management was readying itself for an expansion to remain globally competitive, putting even more pressure on the balance sheet. Even though that very same year, the company celebrated its centennial year by posting record sales of over $1 billion and record earnings, this was a year of change for the workers. All those factors I listed above crimped bonuses. For workers who expect high bonuses if they deliver in output, this shift must have hurt their morale. As new global markets are emerging for Lincoln†s business, the company has started questioning and reviewing their one-of-a-kind pay system. The company is by no means ready to completely change or get rid of the incentive plan, which once paid employees 100% of their annual wages in annual performance linked bonuses. But now with the new markets that the company is in too, the executives are considering ways to move toward a more traditional pay scheme and away from the regular percentage-bonus formula, or may be a mixture of the two. â€Å"The bonus program is a good program, and it has worked well, but it†s got to be modified some,† says director David C. Lincoln, whose father John C. Lincoln founded Lincoln Electric. So, the question is for how long more Lincoln†s pay plan can survive rapid growth of the company and globalization? Also the wide range of wages cause some problems within the company. The average Lincoln factory worker earns $16. 54 an hour, vs. the $14. 25 average manufacturing wage in the Cleveland area. With a 56% average bonus in 1995 – the lowest in years – production employees came out ahead of workers elsewhere even after paying for health-care benefits. But unlike at other companies, Lincoln has huge variations in production-worker pay: from roughly $32,000 to more than $100,000 for the most hard-driving. There is also a tremendous pressure to produce, but an employee board meets regularly with the top management to report workers† concerns. And Lincoln guarantees work to employees with three years† experience. Still, it gets harder and harder everyday to live up to the old deal. Even though, the company has bounced back from stumbling overseas, it has yet more problems to overcome. During this period, Lincoln had financially weakened. To make better acquisitions and expand further, Lincoln made its first public offering in July 1995, pushing outsiders† stake to 40%. It also slashed total debt by 40% to $130 million, and paid a lower bonus per person, though the total bonus pool was a record $64 million. Naturally, slimmer bonuses somewhat changed employees† attitude towards the system and the company. In November of 1995, some employees protested outside headquarters after they learned of the bonus size. Also again during this period, the turnover among the new hires was high, and the disparate pay upset the veteran Lincoln employees. â€Å"If an individual shows he can handle the workload, he should be rewarded with full pay† commented Joseph Tuck, an inspector with 18 years at Lincoln. Because of the protests, CEO Hastings eliminated the two-tier wage on December 1, 1995. This was a dilemma for both the company and the workers, both of which had never experienced this kind of a situation before. To edit the pay system without causing any resentment, the company set up a committee to study the bonus program and had even hired Price Waterhouse to study productivity. Even though, Hastings pledged at the time that the incentive system would remain the same, over time, he wants employees to focus on the overall earnings, not just the percentage bonus they receive. And that should be a tough job to do, to implement this kind of an ideology in employees† mind, who has worked so many number of years in a fixed, particular system. Lincoln Electric†s International Expansion On other hand, as I have mentioned earlier in the paper, because of both legal and cultural issues, Lincoln†s basic systems like the incentive system and annual bonus pay system did not work in many of the overseas operations in the long run, even though at the beginning it was successful. And, I think Lincoln Electric had especially a hard time understanding that operating and international business calls for a lot more than just technological skill. Also, I believe that the company didn†t truly understand the cultures of those countries where it expanded. The general assumptions made, such as the belief that everybody in the world would be willing to work a little harder to enhance their lives and their families and their homes didn†t turn out to be true for everyone. It was an inaccurate assumption and this was one of the main reasons why the company had to pull out of Germany. The underlying reason for this was mainly because Lincoln Electric executives didn†t know how to manage an international operation, nor did they have the international experience. Furthermore, the way Lincoln had gone about expanding internationally was too rapid an unstructured. Also, there were other barriers such as high tariffs, high manufacturing costs, highly unionization and misconception of Lincoln Electric†s incentive system. After closing down plants in Germany, Brazil, Japan and Venezuela, and reporting losses from these operations in 1992 and 1993, I am sure Lincoln Electric is going to be very careful about not starting another acquisition spree. During these losses however, the company expanded the number of employees in the United States, but I am sure that the firm will be going back to overseas in the future. This time though, they want to be very careful in selecting the region for the new facility, as well as the managers and the workers. One of these new markets that Lincoln has interest in is the Asia-Pacific area, including mainland China, and the company is already in the process of getting some alliances in Indonesia and Malaysia. These new interest regions may shape the future of Lincoln Electric. If we were to make a cost-benefit analysis for Lincoln Electric, we would find out that the company has a lot of pluses. Even after all these charges against it, Lincoln†s pay system is likely to remain innovative than most. But as it tries to hire more outsiders, expand further abroad and modernize, â€Å"we†re getting to be a more normal company,† says Director Frank L. Steingass. That may not be quite what eager visitors to the headquarters in Cleveland, who want to learn the secret of incentive system expect to hear. But if Lincoln can adapt to new times without sacrificing employee good will, another model pay plan may yet emerge out of this company. The over century long history and tradition, along with great organizational and pay systems, Lincoln Electric has a very strong organizational culture, especially in the United States. However, with the new emerging markets around the world today, Lincoln Electric can not afford to stay out of the global competition. Finally, I believe that its employees will always move Lincoln Electric to greater heights, no matter what. The former CEO Donald Hastings states this idea in a very profound way: â€Å"It†s a two-way street at Lincoln. We look after our people and they look after us. â€Å"

Global Warming Speech Essay

Global warming is a major concern to anybody who understands the threat it poses to our society. Recently many ideas have been discussed about ways to stop or slow down the process. One of the biggest issues is considering nuclear power stations, which some optimistics believe will cure or completely resolve the issue of slowing global warming to the absolute minimal. But we ask ourselves are nuclear power plants the best option? Have we spent enough time studying alternatives to eliminate them completely? Alternatives such as wind turbines, wave power and combined heat and power systems would by far be a better and safer approach to slowing down global warming. Some of our erudite friends may argue that other countries like Germany have devastated their countryside with wind farms. That may very well be so, but do looks really matter so much that we would willingly reduce the time man lives on earth for a little extra greenery? We know for a fact that a program of energy efficiency could save twice as much as nuclear power at just a fraction of the cost, and what’s more we can start energy efficiency immediately. As per previous experiences we have witnessed that nuclear power stations are expensive, dangerous and dirty. That in comparison to combined heat and power systems which are cheaper, cleaner and safer. Which would you prefer? There are of course other risks. If a plane was to crash in a nuclear power plant the outcome would be unthinkable. The supporters of such plants may argue that apart from those on the plane and the plant workers, no one else would be injured. Suppose the plane hits a venerable part of the power plant, the chance that dangerous gases could be exposed into the air that we breathe is rather high, and the outcome would be unimaginable. Previously we have seen men die from illnesses at a much later date than the actual disasters and also we have witnessed families suffer for many yrs afterwards. The effects become in a sense hereditary, through generations. Time is also a major issue. Building nuclear power plants could take up to 10 yrs with all the planning and authority approvals needed. Even though the French seem to have done so in 4-5 yrs we must remember that the procedures are different in every country. Where the French do not find it necessary to include the people in their decisions the British believe in involving us into every decision made. This will make it harder to keep the timing a minimal as every aspect of the procedure will be considered thoroughly from both, the political side and the public view. As we know from previous experience the public are not hugely in favour of global warming. Why after all that has been said would any sane individual even consider Nuclear power is beyond me? I plead with you to make global warming a thing of the past using healthy methods and hope that I have made the dangers of global warming convincing enough to make you reconsider whose side you’re on. Nuclear Power or Energy Efficiency, THE CHOICE IS YOURS!

Animal right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal right - Essay Example According to his theory, when value is given to all other humans regardless of their mental and rational abilities then the same value should be ascribed to the non-human animals as well. His arguments are based on the views of Immanuel Kant that all animals have moral rights but he criticizes Kant’s belief that only rational beings are subjected to respect. Regan rejects this view and argues that humans gain the value and respect regardless of their rationality as with infants and those who are mentally instable thus non-human animals are also subjected to the same value and respect regardless of their rationality. Since all human and non-human animals are subjects-of-a-life, life is the only attribute which would subject to value. Thus every being that is subject-of-a-life must be treated with respect and must be given moral rights (Regan, 2004). On the other hand, utilitarianism is a theory which proposes that any action will be morally right only when it benefits and provides good to a large number of people. According to this theory, what’s right is determined by the value of pleasure or pain that it causes to other people. If an action causes pleasure to most of the people then it is considered as morally right while if it causes pain and suffering for the people, it will be considered morally wrong. Utilitarianism is often used to justify animal rights as their pain and pleasure is also counted for actions that are morally right or wrong (Brooman, 1997). Utilitarian theorists believe that biologically it is justified that non-human animals are sentient and biologically they are able to feel pain and pleasure. This is justified also practically as many people have experienced such feelings in animals, especially cats and dogs. There is a lot of evidence that non-human animals are sentient and they feel

The United States Economic Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The United States Economic - Term Paper Example It is thus important to analyze the macroeconomic causes and implications of price increase of commodities, collapse of the housing market and the ensuing financial turmoil. Main Body The global economy is currently in the grip of the maximum macroeconomic uncertainty in the last 25 years because prices of major commodities such as corn, coal, natural gas and oil have been consistently increasing in being triggered partly by the rapid increase in demand in developing countries such as China and India. However the prices in the housing sector, especially in the US have been declining. Housing prices in the US have fallen by almost 25 percent in relation to the 2006 peak period. The consequent financial turbulence that overwhelmed the world economy after September 2007 continues to retain its intensity in adversely impacting several sectors in the US economy. Although a number of economic forces have worked in creating this adverse macroeconomic situation, the two main causes have been the increase in the prices of basic commodities and the quick weakening of the housing market. ... Prices rose sharply because of many reasons but primarily due to the increasing demand for oil in many developing countries, even while prices of other commodities were rising. It is noteworthy that during the last 20 years global oil demand and consumption has increased considerably. For instance, consequent to the economic downturn in 2008, there was a decline in demand for oil in the US and in many European countries, but the decline was equalized by increased demand for the commodity in countries such as India, Middle East and China. In the US, factors such as poor crop yield, macroeconomic volatility and supply disruption appeared to have contributed in worsening the movement of prices (Jones, 2008). Another major macroeconomic shock to the US has been the large scale decline in housing prices that have been declining since 2006. Housing demand in the US was fuelled by demand created by the new economies of the late 1990s, by low interest rates during the initial years of the 20 00s and because of the constant loosening of lending policies. In view of such artificially created economic circumstances, housing prices in the US rose drastically prior to 2006 but soon started declining and by 2008 had declined by 20 percent. The beginning of the financial turmoil and America’s economic woes lies in the position of its housing market after 2006. People were attracted by low interest rates, flexible lending norms and by the perceptions that housing prices will continue to increase. As a result, large number of subprime borrowers who did not meet the credit standards in terms of credit record and application requirements were allowed to take credit and to buy homes. It is on record that during

Impact of CAD development ( evolution ) on Architecture Term Paper

Impact of CAD development ( evolution ) on Architecture - Term Paper Example The evolution and development of CAD has significantly impacted on architectural design. Some of the potential impacts of CAD development (Evolution) on Architecture include reduced design mistakes, time saving and design efficiency, and clear communication of architectural details among others. This paper highlights the evolution as well as the transformational impact of computer aided design on the architectural design process. Impact of CAD development (Evolution) on Architecture Introduction Computer aided design (CAD) is the concept of using computerized systems to help in the technical creation, analysis, modification and optimization of technical designs. Prior to the evolution and development of CAD, architectural design was primarily a hands-on process that involved a variety of manual and physical media tasks. However, the introduction of computer aided design in the 1980s completely revolutionized architecture particularly in the filed of design. According to Tai (103), mo dern architectural designs employ a number of CAD software to enhance to improve the design quality, improve the productivity of designers and enhance communication through documentation. ... The CAD software system normally increases the architectural productivity and design. This system as well improves the communication system through the documentation and the creation of a database used for manufacturing. Most of the CAD software often works like a large database with numerous geometric information points, curves and lines that can easily translate into imagery visible through the graphical user interface (Robertson 144). Despite a few limitations, there a number of enormous and obvious potential impacts of CAD evolution on architecture. This paper seeks to critically investigate the development of computer aided design in the architectural field. The paper, in addition explores the development of digital technology and it impact to the architectural subject. Chronology of the Development of CAD The evolution and development of CAD had its beginnings in the early 1960s and 1970s after various automotive and aerospace companies began to independently develop the first CAD systems. The real breakthrough point was particularly witnessed in 1963 after SKETCHPAD computer aided design program was developed at MIT. One of the main beneficial features of the program was that it allowed architectural designers to effectively use a light pen to draw on the computer screen. Essentially this was the first known graphic user interface (GUI) which is currently one of the most important features of CAD. However, the initial CAD programs were expensive and as a result were only available to large corporations in the aerospace, automotive and electronic industries such as Renault, GM and Lockheed among others. Throughout the 1970s, CAD programs were only capable of helping in the creation of 2D drawings

Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Starbucks - Essay Example Today is the 10th of November; the weather is cloudy here in Prescott Arizona and it is somewhat cold. It is the perfect weather for having a walk in Prescott’s downtown for me; however, unfortunately the same is not true for others. Starbucks is the perfect place for studying for most of my friends because it is quiet, but today its not. Unlike usual, I waited for around fifteen minutes in the line just to give my order; not to mention how long I waited to finally receive my order. Starbucks seems to be experiencing a very busy day today. Before I came to Prescott, I was at Nashville Tennessee studying English as a second language. As I have been told Starbucks is the best place to study, I was eager to check it out and see for myself. I am seeing students at their laptops; however, they are seem to be mentally distracted. They are having trouble concentrating in what they are doing; probably because of the noise that people are creating all around them. Unfortunately, this â€Å"best place to study† is not the best today. The people creating most of this noise are in the ordering line. However, the individuals that are sitting at tables are also conversing loudly, talking on cell phones, laughing. What had really grabbed my attention is a guy setting with a very old man; they look like a father and his son. The father seams to be sad and the son was trying to make him feel better. Seeing them started to stir thoughts in my mind with regards to how I would behave with my own son in the future. Regardless of whether Starbucks Coffee can be considered a good place to study or a good place to concentrate, the fact remains that a large group of people from all strata of society regularly can be seen in such a place. As such, going there to enjoy a cup of coffee or a snack can oftentimes lead one to consider many aspects of the way that people interact. Accordingly, it can