American and Great Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American and Great Civil War - Research Paper Example Rising figures of secessionists maintained that this tradition could only be secured by gaining sovereignty. Disciplinary Content The battle itself was ignited by the rejection of the slave countries to accept the judgment of the year 1860 presidential vote, which had spotted the first Republican contender, Lincoln, take the northern part but did not get any electoral ballot in the South. South passed order of secession, took federal installations, and identified out their armed force (Chikering & Forster). These states position up their own union with a pro-slavery organization led by an associate leader, Jefferson, and this fresh government positioned its capital originally at Montgomery, Alabama. The revolt government was ready to get rid of the two remaining central outposts on their region, at Pensacola and at Fort Sumter in Charleston port. Subsequent to a confrontation enduring four months, the union attacked the latter on April the year 1861. President Lincoln reacted by issu ing a public statement calling for seventy thousands volunteers for three months to repress a revolt against centralized authority. Nearly all people involved thought that the disagreement would be for a short time. Maybe it would have been if the separated states had stayed simply seven in number; nevertheless, four significant states of the Upper South, brook away instead of co-operating in the oppression of their sister slave countries. They added not just to the Confederacy's populace and regions but as well to its sparse manufacturing resources (Chikering & Forster). Even though, geography positioned Virginia and Tennessee particularly in the extreme front line suppose military actions escalate. So big was the union that a number of powerful figures disbelieved whether it might be physically engaged and put their hopes in the marine blockade, which was proclaimed on 19 April. Without doubt, the South's physical advantages increased to an established sense of bravery that sovere ignty could be gotten easily. A prevalent certainty in a short battle was supported in the North by an attentiveness of a great inequality in resources. The entire populace of the USA in the year 1860 was 31, 443, and 321. Out of these, the residents of the southern countries were eight million of who three million were slaves. The border countries (Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri) had a populace of three million. During the year, 1861 to ensure the devotion of the Border countries stayed a top precedence for the Lincoln government. If secession were partial to eleven states subsequently, the upper states could gather together four million war men to the union 1, 100, 000. The industrial inequality was even larger (Chikering & Forster). The regions of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania without help produced more industrialized goods than the whole Confederacy. Differences and Similarities The South could manufacture enough food to nourish itself but did not have the means to ferry it. In the year 1860, only nine thousand miles of the USA total of thirty-one miles of railway trail could be established at the bottom, and southern engineers had finished only nine of the four hundred and seventy locomotives constructed before the year 1860. However, a material inequality in itself does not assure success and Lincoln's main issue was in assembling and organizing

A Soccer Story Essay Example for Free

A Soccer Story Essay Snow fluttered to the ground as Jane pulled her gold jersey closer to guard against the blistering chill. Although the miniature goblins and ghouls had just collected their annual treats, winter was already wrapping its bitterly cold hands around her. The soccer field shone, glistening from the already melting snowflakes. Even though championship game had not yet started, the Warrior stadium overflowed with rows of eager fans, enthusiastic to be watching such an important soccer match. The line of girls marched up to the slushy field to meet their adversaries, the Panthers, shivering in their gold soccer shorts. Jane could see the opposing team glance warily at them as if the game was just a waste of their time. In every heart burned the desire to win, to achieve a task never before accomplished. The Lady Warriors were on a mission: to beat the Panthers for the first time in school history. The first forty-five minutes of the game went uneventfully; both teams attempted to score, but the soccer ball was shuttled around the field like a ping-pong ball, aimlessly with no sense of direction. As they battled against their opponents, the harsh and brutal wind attacked the athletes. They had to win. They had to beat the cold. They had to beat the best team, and they had to get even. Whistle blaring, halftime was declared, and the team trudged back through the icy grass, disappointed. The winter chill was barely felt as their unspoken frustration took over. The team circled together and listened to their coachs encouragements. The shrill whistle sounded once again, and the team charged back onto the field, feeling the motivation to win, remembering Coach Smiths last words: Theres nothing you girls cant do. Jane was inspired and she rushed on the field, playing like a maniac. Suddenly, an ear-splitting crack was heard and for a second, there was silence. Perhaps her excitement blinded all other senses, but Jane only remembered seeing a blur moving in her direction before she collapsed on to the snowy field, head throbbing. Head bowed down in defeat, Jane could not bring herself to look up at the crowd surrounding her. But a solitary clap  emanated from the row of spectators, and as she lifted up her tear-streaked face, her eyes locked with those of her optimistic team mates. Unsteadily, Jane stood up and the stadium resounded with cheers. The game commenced promptly; the clock was ticking with no time to lose. Then, the words, the assertion, that made Janes fists clench, a single statement uttered by the rival coach: That girls weak, one charge at her, and shell be down again. That girl was Jane, the offensive player, the unnerving forward, and she was enraged. Stinging pain from where the ball made contact with bare skin was quickly forgotten, even as the ugly red marks remained. The biting wind whipped strands of hair in her face, and Janes eyes squinted in the icy coldness. But her mind was defiantly set: she was on a mission to score. Adrenaline rushed through her bloodstream and her heart pounded rapidly as she rushed down the field. Jane swiftly maneuvered the ball with exact precision, imagining the moment the ball would enter the opponents goal. It was amazing how much satisfaction one solitary act could reward a person. One moment the white jersey of the defensive girl was coming at Janes way, ready to charge and steal the ball away. At the next instant, the sky was looking quite beautiful, sun shining, as the ball sailed swiftly into the white net. The whistle sounded shrilly and the multitude of onlookers erupted with excitement, the Warriors had defied an age old tradition, defeating the long-standing champions. The accomplishment, the pain-it made Jane triumphant that day. Against the odds, the underdog emerged victorious on the battlefield.

Music Analysis of Hakuna Matata Essays -- essays research papers

The end of a semester is the most stressful time for students because of those dreaded finals. Anyone who lived through the 1990s should know the song a young lion and his pals sang after meeting for the first time. However, as the years pass by, society forgets the simple pleasures of youth and the two words that can make all troubles go away. â€Å"Hakuna Matata† was a song written by Tim Rice with music by Elton John. This song is also a story about a warthog before he discovered this amazing expression. However, the biggest part of the song is about being carefree and forgetting any troubles that may arise. As finals approach, a student needs to revisit their childhood past and recall the â€Å"wonderful phrase:† â€Å"Timon - Hakuna Matata! What a wonderful phrase Pumbaa - Hakuna Matata! Ain’t no passin’ craze Timon - It means no worries for the rest of your days Both - It’s our problem-free philosophy Timon - Hakuna Matata!† (The Lion King). A simple phrase, and it means so much. It is all explained in five lines. Hakuna Matata is the Swahili expression for â€Å"There are...

networking :: essays research papers

Computer Network Modifications. Regional Offices. Existing Bus Topology (hubs) should be replaced with star topology using switches. In star topology, all devices are connected to a common central location, typically a hub or a switch, in this case we will be using switches. (See diagram 1) when a node sends data to the central location, the central device retransmits the information and sends it to the destination. Because all cabling is connected to the central device , if one link fails, only that portion of the network will fail. The rest of the network will not be affected. However, if the central devise fails the entire network will fail. A star topology can have a maximum of 1024 nodes on a LAN and is commonly used for 10BaseT. (IEEE 802.3) and 100BaseTX (IEEE 802.3u) Ethernet. The advantages of using a Star Topology include reliability and ease of maintenance and installation. Monitoring and troubleshooting can be maintained at the central device, providing easier maintenance. A Star topology allows for greater reliability because each node is connected to the central devise by a segment. If one segment breaks, only that node loses access to the network so the rest of the network is not affected. Because each node is connected to the central device, star topologies also allow for an easy network layout, providing the network administrator easier installation over the other topologies. The disadvantage of this topology is cost. With each devise being connected to the central location, more cabling is required than with other topologies. In addition there is a cost of the central device. This is a LAN topology in which endpoints on a network are connected to a common central switch by point to point links. A ring topology that is organised as a star implements a unidirectional closed loop star, instead of point to point links. (Diagram 1: Star Toplogy) Star topology is the most widely used models in networking and are extremely stable By using Assymetric switches (10/100) over the existing CAT 5 UTP cabling. CAT 5 UTP can accommodate up to 100MB/S Switches have many benefits. A LAN switch allows many users to communicate in parallel through the use of virtual circuits and dedicated network segments in a collision free environment. This maximises the bandwidth availability on the shared medium. Also, moving to a switched LAN environment is very cost effective because you can reuse the existing hardware and cabling. The power of the switch combined with the software to configure LAN’s gives network administrators’ greater flexibility in managing the network.

Would the World be a Better Place if Large-Scale Emigration to Other Planets were to be Possible?

Our world is in a predicament. The delicate balance that supports life that evolution (or God) has created is being tilted by deforestation, overfishing, increasing population, global warming and such, threatening the fundamentals for life. Planet Earth appears to be spiraling downwards towards an inescapable end. About half of the mature tropical forests, between 750 to 800 million hectares of the original 1. 5 to 1. 6 billion hectares that once covered the planet have been felled, and animals are becoming extinct more quickly than ever (experts have estimated that up to half of presently existing species may become extinct by 2100). Our main energy sources, oil and natural gas supplies, are rapidly running dry. The future of the earth, hilas, looks dark. Taking all of this into consideration, it appears that mass emigration to another planet might be the only solution. However, is it really too late to turn the clock? Or maybe more importantly, is it morally right to abandon ship when the storm is gathering? The damage we have caused to our world is both unbelievable and undeniable. Only 17% of planet Earth's landmass is still untouched by mankind (excluding Antarctica). Our world's natural oil and gas resources are soon fully consumed; renewable sources only stand for about 13% of the energy created. All the emissions from burning fossil fuels are carelessly released into the atmosphere, and as a result, the ozone layer is in an incredibly tattered shape. However, if we could move to another planet, thus leaving this one, the Earth would recuperate. The largest hole in the ozone, the one above the Antarctic, would, according to NASA scientists, recover by 2068. Similarly, if there were no humans to fish the oceans dry, and no humans to chop the forests down, slowly but steadily, the world's ecosystems would recover and the biodiversity would regain lost grounds. The human race has created this situation, and we owe it to the Earth and the other species that we reverse it. There are a number of valid arguments for saving our world by emigrating to another, and although leaving for another planet may save this one, abandoning Earth may not yet be necessary. All hope is not lost – it is still within our power to undo the damages ourselves. It will be a task of great difficulty, but one that we can pull off. Since when were problems solved by burying one's head in the sand? Besides, if you do bury your head in the sand, chances are, you won't like what you see when you stick it back up. Taking the emergency exit whenever there are bumps on the road will create a â€Å"laissez faire† mentality, which never has solved anything. If awareness of this crisis can be raised all around the world, and if people realize just how important the matter we are dealing with is, there is a significant chance that we can start acting in a sufficiently environmentally friendly manner for the previous natural balance to be restored, without us leaving Earth for a far-off planet. By abandoning the planet we do not solve the true problem, we simply run away from it. If we were all deported to another planet, but didn't change our behavior, all we would do is repeat the same mistakes we made on Earth. What does shifting planets mean if we still don't own up and take action to reverse the situation we have thrust ourselves into? If we recognize now that problems such as global warming, overfishing and deforestation are not resolved by turning our backs to them, it will also be understood that these will not vanish because we choose to flee from them. We must do something about the tribulations we have now, only then we can move on. Exporting our problems to another planet is not solving them. Furthermore, there is also is a moral aspect to this issue. It would be indecent and ethically incorrect to simply change planets and abandon earth when we are encountering real and serious problems which in addition are caused by ourselves This world is optimal for our form of life. If just the weight of the proton in the air molecule was the slightest bit different all life on earth would be impossible. Similarly, if aliens would visit Earth, they would die of inhaling oxygen. It is an incredible chain of circumstances that allow us to live by breathing oxygen. The human race has become adapted to live on planet Earth over millions and millions of years of evolution. Just like a hole is perfect for the water puddle it contains, Earth is perfect for man. This taken into consideration, we can't just destroy this Earth, and then leave it without the slightest effort to do something about it. We were made for this planet, and now that it is being destroyed, the very least we can do is to try to reverse what we've done. In any case, fleeing should be the very last option. All of us who inhabit Earth have inherited it from earlier generations. We are merely the present caretakers of this Earth, just like thousands of generations before us have been. Therefore, we have a moral responsibility, both towards our children as well as to our ancestors, to protect and preserve something extraordinary that no one ever can own, only borrow. On the one hand, it is a fact that we are well on the way of destroying Earth, and if all human beings were to leave the Earth, there is a chance that the Earth might recover. However, this is only true if all humans are transported to another planet. The question was â€Å"would the world be a better place if large-scale emigration to other planets were to be possible? † Upon a closer look, mass emigration does not necessarily mean that all humans are transported, rather just some. This is certainly of importance, as it is not necessarily the number of people on Earth that decides if the world is going to recuperate or not. What is more important is how the people who actually do live here treat the environment, i e how much carbon emissions are released into the atmosphere, how much fish we fish from our seas and how many trees we cut from our forests. If 50% of the world's population was evacuated to another planet, but the remaining 50% treated the environment worse than before, the problems would not be solved. Rather than focusing on efficient ways to deport masses of people to other planets, we should focus on efficient ways to save this planet, with us on it. On the other hand, it is probably true that the abandoning of the planet will have to occur sooner or later. 99. 9% of all species ever to reside on planet Earth are now extinct. Mankind will certainly not be an exception. Even if we don't drive ourselves into extinction, or a comet crashing into Earth doesn't do it for us, in about one billion years the sun will start dying. It will slowly begin to swell up, and produce more heat, making life on this entire solar system impossible. If the ultimate aim of mankind is survival, emigration to another planet might then be the only option. However, this is not the case today. We still have an option; so let us take advantage of it.

Remuneration in Western Australia

Remuneration in Western Australia Introduction In the modern business world, a lot of competition has been experienced in all industries of the global economies and business people have been required to adjust their activities to the changing environment. As competition intensifies, the need for qualified people has also increased and attracting and retaining professionals in an organization has been of great importance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration in Western Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The high rate of employee turnover being experienced today can only be reduced by adopting better strategies of retaining employees. Employee turnover causes failure of many systems in an organization and managers should try to protect their organizations by applying the best strategies of retaining their workers. Remuneration is one of the greatest elements of employee motivation that organizations use. However, human resources manager s are required to use a mixture of strategies to motivate their employees. Globalization has increased competition in the labour markets because skilled individuals can move to markets which provide better terms of employment. In this paper I will discuss the role remuneration plays in retaining staff in the expanding regional economy of Western Australia. Various theories on remuneration and employee motivation have been discussed to identify the strategies adopted by companies to retain their employees. Economy of Western Australia There have been steady growth in the economy of Western Australia and this has required many business entities to expand their operations. Western Australia contributes more than 38 percent of all the exports of Australia as per the 2009 statistics[1]. The high rate of economic growth is expected to have great pressure on the labour market because many people are required to work in all sectors of the economy. Resources available in the economy as well as the development projects being undertaken in Western Australia have provided a favourable environment for expanding business activities and this has intensified the demand for labour. Resources and construction sectors in the economy have created a high demand for labour and this has led to competition because every institution is seeking more workers. Adequate measures have been taken to reduce the shortage of labour and skills and to enable the state and the nation to tap the opportunities available[2].Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To balance demand and supply of labour in the country, the Department of Training and Workforce Development has developed strategies by aligning the workforce with the needs of the industry. Population demographics in the labour market of Western Australia indicate that most of the employees are aged 35[3] and there are projectio ns for an increase in the median age to approximately 45 years[4]. Birth rate in Western Australia has dropped and this indicates that population would reduce drastically in the future years. Workforce participation rate in Western Australia has been estimated to be above the average even though it has been predicted that the rate may decline in the near future. The increasing demand for labour which has been coupled by the demographic trends have created a situation where there is need for investing more time and resources to attract and retain professionals and skilled workforce[5]. In the global scene, changes in demographics, improved business growth and the increasing competition for professional employees have made it impossible for managers to predict as well as achieve an optimal staffing level. Competition for skilled workforce requires establishing good plans for attracting and retaining employees. To attract and retain the workforce of a given industry requires satisfying all the needs of employees. The governments of Australia have a mandate of ensuring that the employee is satisfied as far as the work environment is concerned. This is achieved through appropriate controls on the economy in addition to empowering employees with necessary infrastructure. Business entities have a role of creating terms and conditions which have monetary and non-monetary rewards with the aim of improving the level of satisfaction of employees at the workplace[6]. There are several challenges facing the government, industries and organizations as they strive to attract and retain employees in Western Australia. Remuneration strategies adopted by any organization must consider the living standards of the people in the country. Workers face the challenges of increasing cost of housing and other living expenses and this must be catered for in the remuneration packages provided by the employers. The price for a median house is approximately $822,000 in Karratha and $ 685,0 00 in Port Hedland. Renting a house per week would cost $3000 in resource towns and $350 per week for a single room[7]. Theories on remuneration Employees are motivated by both monetary and non-monetary factors within the organization. The monetary motivators are called the transactional motivation factors because the employees seek financial benefits from the work done. The non-monetary motivators are called the transformational motivators because the employees also seek non-financial aspects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Remuneration in Western Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both monetary and non-monetary motivational elements are applied by managers to attract and retain professionals and skilled individuals. Human resources management has been said to be a transactional process such that subordinates perform their duties because they have been promised monetary rewards. According to Greiner[8], th ese rewards may take the form of salaries or wages. Reward systems are used to attract, retain and motivate employees in an organization. Remuneration levels applied by organizations should satisfy the human needs of the employees. In addition, remuneration should also be felt fair by the employees by offering rewards that reflect the contribution of each employee. There are legal requirements that managers should adhere to when implementing any reward systems. On the other hand, any reward system should be affordable and aligned to the strategies of the organization[9]. According to ZÃ ¼gner and Ullrich[10] there are three levels of remuneration: fixed levels of payment, payment based on performance of individual employee and payment based on the results of the company. Fixed payments are made when the salary or wages of employees do not change unless when the employer implements a general pay hike. There are several factors such as the time an employee has worked with the company , skills, position, and other factors which determine the amount of salary paid to the employees. This system does not motivate workers because there are few incentives to improve job performance as well as retaining employees. This remuneration system does not offer employees with the opportunity to have better payment scales as their performance and productivity improves[11]. Firms that are able to motivate their employees have a lower rate of employee turnover and can retain the workforce for a longer period of time. Firms using a remuneration system that is based on the quality and quantity of work done are able to motivate their employees to work extra hard while encouraging them to work for a longer period with the company. Most companies use a combination of the two systems to encourage employees to improve their performance. Employees get feedback on their performance through this system because their performance determines their remuneration level. Employees tend to work fo r a longer period of time with a firm when they get positive feedback from their employers[12]. Some companies use remuneration systems which are based on the results obtained in a given period. There is a fixed remuneration level for all employees while bonuses are added according to the performance of the company in a given financial period. This system can be implemented in different ways such as selling shares to the employees. When the company has good performance, its reputation improves and share value increases and as a result, employees get a higher dividend level. This system has some risks to the employees because their remuneration is determined by their performance as well as external market factors[13]. Employers using this system do not motivate their employees to a greater extent compared to other methods of remuneration and therefore this system is not effective in retaining employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important for managers to conduct market analysis on the prevailing remuneration rates in the market to ensure they implement appropriate pay rates. An organization that provides a lower rate of payment than the market rate has the risk of losing its customers to competitors. With the free flow of information in the labour market, professionals compare the wage rates in the market and they tend to accept offers by companies with better terms. On the other hand, providing too high remuneration rates may not be healthy to the organization. An organization derives profits from the excess revenues obtained after subtracting operational costs. Bearing in mind that labour costs are operational expenses, increasing wage rates reduces the profits of a company. Managers must balance the wage rates provided by to their employees and the prevailing market conditions to ensure appropriate decisions are made[14]. Managers should conduct continuous job evaluation to ensure they get the best out of the employees. Evaluating employees determines the decisions on changing the wage rates. It is important that managers should adjust wage rates when employees improve their performance. A grading structure should be established in an organization to provide employees with a clear picture on their progress as they continue working with the organization. Grading structure helps employees improve their performance and motivates them to continue working for the organization because they have the hope for a better wage rate whenever their performance improves. Managers should consider internal and external market environments when setting the wage rates and pay structures[15]. Retaining employees requires motivating them at the workplace by the use of different aspects. Managers use both monetary and non-monetary reward incentives to motivate their employees. The monetary rewards include promotions, increment in wages, paid leaves, and hospital allowances among others. The non-mo netary rewards include thanksgiving for improvement in the workplace and recognition by the top management among others. The management encourages the workers to improve their performance when they create reward incentives within the organization. Reward incentives such as promotions and salary increment should be based on the quality of work done[16]. According to Bogardus[17], employees are not only motivated by the wages they receive from the organizations but are also motivated by many other factors within the environment of the organization. Performance-related pay improves the quality of the work done by the employees. Money is a motivator and increase in wages improves the performance of the employees. This system provides incentives to the employees to work hard to increase the total amount earned. Workers are more productive when their wages are determined by the individual efforts. Performance related system encourages employees to improve the quality of work done and also motivates employees to increase their productivity. Promotions within the organizations are done on the performance of the employees to encourage them work effectively and efficiently[18]. Fayol[19] suggested that money is a motivator and can be used to change the behavior of employees. He suggested that remuneration packages provided to employees should be attractive to motivate them. To ensure there is a balance between remuneration policies and available resources, Fayol suggested that managers should create wage systems which coincides with the resources of an organization. As such, managers have an obligation to provide remuneration scales which motivate employees and at the same time the organization is not deprived off its ability to operate[20]. In the modern business world, employees are seeking other motivational factors other than monetary benefits. Managers have the obligation of developing different motivational systems to encourage employees improve their performance. Traditionally, money was perceived as the major motivational tool in an organization but managers have come to realize that there are many factors which motivate employees. Therefore, an integrated system is important in an organization such that managers use a variety of motivational elements to improve performance. Bruce and Pepitone[21] suggested that there are two categories of motivational factors: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors refer to the inner feeling that a person has about the place of work. Extrinsic factors are the external factors which motivate an employee. Extrinsic factors include rewards, promotion, and recognition among others. Employees work harder when their welfare is put into consideration by their managers. Employees are motivated to work when they are made to realize that their work add value to the organization. When employees are provided the opportunity to take interest in their work, they improve performance and contribute willingly to the organizational goals[22]. In a capitalistic economic system the employees (owners of the labour factor of production) and the managers (owners of capital) are rivals and each of the party aims at maximizing his benefits from the other. The employees aim at getting the highest amount of wages possible from the organization. The management aims at obtaining the maximum output from the employees. The two groups are always against each other and the initiatives to engage employees are just but methods of promoting the goals of the management. Most of the initiatives to motivate employees have no monetary benefits to the employees[23]. Creating equilibrium in the labour market ensures that the employer and the employee are satisfied by the prevailing market conditions. Legal systems in a country are established to protect the interests of both the employer and the employee. Employees are protected from exploitation by the employer while the employers are protected from excess pres sure by the labour unions. To reduce conflicts on the remuneration system adopted in an organization, it is important for employers to engage employees in decision making process. In some cases, trade unions are involved in discussing the best rates for employees. Labour unions have been found to be effective in uniting employees and employers and in the making of collective decisions. Collective bargaining is important in modern business environment because it provides all parties with opportunities to express their ideas on the best decisions to be implemented. Collective bargaining encourages employees to continue working for an organization for a long period of time. A legal agreement is made during a collective bargaining process and both the employee and the employer have the mandate to adhere to the decisions made. The remuneration rates applied in an organization must be discussed in a collective agreement process to ensure fairness to all parties involved. The government ha s the mandate to intervene in situations where employers are likely to oppress employees[24]. Application of remuneration theories to the economy of Western Australia The declining population in Western Australia requires the government attracting people from other countries to work in the country. A lot of effort is required to retain the existing employees as a measure of reducing the deficiency. Retaining the existing number of employees will require the use of suitable remuneration packages for employees. Favourable remuneration should be applied to ensure professionals and skilled employees are retained. In addition to using money as a motivator, other non-monetary factors should be implemented to ensure that employees are attracted and retained at their place of work. Labour unions in the country should be encouraged to protect the welfare of employees. Solving conflicts between employees and employers will provide a good foundation for promoting the welfare of employees. Coll ective bargaining on the remunerations applied by organizations should be encouraged to avoid imposing decisions upon the employees. Through collective bargaining employees will have a stake in the decisions implemented in an organization. The increasing competition in the domestic and global markets requires the managers in the country to focus on establishing strategies which will provide competitive advantage. Globalization has changed the business environment and managers are supposed to take diversified strategies of motivating their employees. Globalization has been accompanied by an increase in competition in both domestic and global markets. This has forced managers to come up with better strategies to manage organizational resources to create competitive advantage as well as increase profitability against the highly competitive market environment. As globalization continues to take place in the local and global markets, managers are required to adopt better strategies to ma nage their workers[25]. As market conditions continue to change, there is increasing need to come with better human resource management policies about remuneration systems to maintain competitiveness in the global markets. The labour market has experienced a lot of changes because many organizations are operating in the global markets. Labor factor of production has become mobile and people can work in different countries. This has increased competition for skilled labour and there has been a great need to improve employee motivation. Reducing employee turnover in the current market conditions requires adopting better strategies when establishing remuneration systems of organizations in the country. Employees become loyal to an organization when they are motivated to work. Winning employee loyalty is an important aspect that organizations should focus on because skilled labour is becoming scarce in the country. Different reward systems are accepted by different labour markets and th is provides opportunities for managers to attract professionals from different countries. It is important for managers to understand the legal regulations established by different governments, especially when working in a multi-governmental environment[26]. Conclusion Remuneration provides workers with morale to improve their work and also motivates them to deliver according to the requirements of the job. Employees are motivated by monetary and non-monetary benefits. Motivation is the inner feeling that a worker develops to improve performance in the workplace. Countries have regulated remuneration systems adopted by organizations operating within their jurisdiction to protect the interests of both the employers and employees. In Western Australia, there has been a decline in the population and this has reduced the number of people available to provide labour in the country. Remuneration has been identified as a major factor that employers use to attract and retain professionals an d individuals with skills. Motivation helps attract and retain employees in an organization because workers are satisfied at the workplace when their needs are fulfilled. Providing better terms of payment should be a major concern for all employers because professionals and skilled workers will be attracted and retained in an organization when they are provided with good remuneration packages. The government in Western Australia should consider establishing legal systems which attract professionals from other countries to boost the workforce in the country. It is also recommended that apart from using attractive remuneration packages to employees, organization should focus on improving the overall welfare of employees by applying other non-monetary motivational elements. Bibliography Armstrong, Michael., Murlis, Helen and Group, Hay. Reward management: a handbook of remuneration strategy and practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2007. ISBN 0749449861, 9780749449865 Australian Bureau of S tatistics 2010. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ Bogardus, Anne. PHR / SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Study Guide. John Wiley and Sons. 2009. ISBN 0470430966 Bohlander, George and Snell, Scott. 2009. Managing Human Resources. ISBN 0324593317, Cengage Learning. Bruce, Anne and Pepitone, James. S. Motivating employees. McGraw-Hill Professional, 1998. ISBN 0070718687. Caisley, Kiely T. Collective Bargaining. CCH New Zealand Limited, 2007. 80-99. ISBN 0864756348, 9780864756343. p 85. Cooke, William. N. Multinational companies and global human resource strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. Council of Australian Governments, National Affordable Housing Agreement, Canberra. 2008. Fayol, Henri and Iwrin, Gray. General and industrial management. (Trans. C Storrs). London: Pitman. 1987 Greiner, Joy Marilyn, 2004. Exemplary Public Libraries: Lessons in Leadership, Management, and Service. Libraries Unlimited, 2004. Lawler III, E. E., Mohrman, S. A., Benson, G. Jossey-Bass, (2001). Organizing for High Performance: Employee Involvement, Tqm, Reengineering, and Knowledge Management in the Fortune 1000: The CEO Report . McClelland, David. C. Human motivation. CUP Archive, 1987. ISBN 0521369517. Shields, John. Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. 2007. The Department of Commerce. Worksafe. Government of Western Australia. 2010. The Department of Training and Workforce Development. Attracting and retaining a skilled workforce. Government of Western Australia. 2010. ZÃ ¼gner, Christiane and Ullrich, Stefan. Compensation and remuneration. GRIN Verlag, 2007. ISBN 3638702200, 9783638702201. Footnotes The Department of Training and Workforce Development. Attracting and retaining a skilled workforce. Government of Western Australia. 2010, p. 1 Ibid The Department of Commerce. Worksafe. Government of Western Australia. 2010. p. 5. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010. The Department of Training and Workforce Development. P. 2 Ibid. p. 2-3. Council of Australian Governments, National Affordable Housing Agreement, Canberra. 2008. p. 3. Marilyn, Greiner Joy. Exemplary Public Libraries: Lessons in Leadership, Management, and Service. Libraries Unlimited, 2004.p. 12. John, Shields. Managing Employee Performance and Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. 2007. p. 52. Christiane, ZÃ ¼gner and Ullrich, Stefan. Compensation and Remuneration. (GRIN Verlag, 2007, p. 2). ISBN 3638702200, 9783638702201. p. 2. Ibid Ibid Ibid Michael Armstrong., Murlis, Helen and Group, Hay. Reward management: a handbook of remuneration strategy and practice. Kogan Page Publishers, 2007. p. 8-9. ISBN 0749449861, 9780749449865 Ibid. Anne, Bogardus. PHR / SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Study Guide. John Wiley and Sons. 2009. ISBN 0470430966. Ibid. David, McClelland. C. Human motivation. CUP Archive, 1987. ISBN 0521369517. p. 16. Henri, Fayol and Iwrin, Gray. General and industrial management. (Trans. C Storrs). London: Pitman. 1987. P. 42. Ibid. Anne, Bruce and Pepitone, James. S. Motivating employees. McGraw-Hill Professional 1998. ISBN 0070718687. p. 8. Ibid. Lawler III, E. E., Mohrman, S. A., Benson, G. Jossey-Bass, (2001). Organizing for High Performance: Employee Involvement, Tqm, Reengineering, and Knowledge Management in the Fortune 1000: The CEO Report .p. 6. Kiely, Caisley T. Collective Bargaining. CCH New Zealand Limited, 2007. 80-99. ISBN 0864756348, 9780864756343. p 85. William, Cooke. N. Multinational companies and global human resource strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003. p. 32. George, Bohlander and Snell, Scott. Managing Human Resources. ISBN 0324593317, Cengage Learning, 2009. p. 15.

8 Eroding Inflectional Endings

8 Eroding Inflectional Endings 8 Eroding Inflectional Endings 8 Eroding Inflectional Endings By Mark Nichol English once, like many other languages, laden with inflectional endings experienced an erosion of inflection hundreds of years ago, but sometimes it seems as if shaving influences are at work again. Here are eight examples of words that are part of standing phrases that are, at least in colloquial usage, undergoing alteration. 1. Barbed wire Many people, mishearing or not paying attention to this phrase when it is spoken aloud, or hearing it mispronounced, write or call it â€Å"barb wire.† The fencing material consists of wires with barbs, yes, but the default format for expressing that wire is barbed is to write or say â€Å"barbed wire.† 2. Corned beef The same truncation occurs with this name for beef that is corned. Corned, in this case, refers to the fact that corns, or large grains, of salt are used to preserve the meat. (Corn originally referred to any small, hard particle, then to grains, and then, in the United States, to a specific grain formerly called maize.) As the meaning of the adjective slips into obscurity, however, the meaningless â€Å"corn beef† may prevail. 3. Dome/domed stadium These references to roofed athletic facilities are interchangeably correct; one refers to the type of stadium, the other to the manner in which they are built. 4. Fine-tooth/fine-toothed comb Both descriptors for a comb with fine, or small, closely spaced, teeth are valid; surprisingly, however, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online list only â€Å"fine-tooth comb,† though the other form would appear to be the â€Å"proper† one. Other resources list â€Å"fine-toothed comb,† but that usage seems to be in the minority. 5. Iced tea As with the mispronunciation or mishearing of â€Å"barbed wire† and corned beef† as â€Å"barb wire† and â€Å"corn beef† and their resulting misspelling, â€Å"iced tea† is often clipped to â€Å"ice tea,† which makes no sense; ice is been added to the tea, so it has been iced. (This name clarifies that the tea is not being served hot, as is traditional.) 6. Long-stemmed roses Yet again, a misunderstanding results in a variant of a standard description. Roses cut with long stems have long been called long-stemmed roses, but â€Å"long-stem roses† is also seen. Either way, because â€Å"long† and â€Å"stem(med)† do not constitute a standing phrase, the two words should be hyphenated together. 7. Stained glass window â€Å"Stain glass window† is a rare erroneous usage; the window is made of stained glass, not stain glass, so the -ed ending is required. However, because â€Å"stained glass† is a standing phrase (found in the dictionary), the words need not be hyphenated before the noun. 8. Skim milk/skimmed milk Like the preference of â€Å"fine-tooth comb† over â€Å"fine-toothed comb,† the ascendancy of â€Å"skim milk† over â€Å"skimmed milk† (at least in the United States; the latter form is preferred in British English) is anomalous but well attested. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsThe Six Spellings of "Long E"Show, Don't Tell

The New Economy essays

The New Economy essays Medieval guilds and merchants were subject to local regulations, and usually worked within limited areas. Because most prices were fixed, and the business was small, most of the masters of the workshops made very little profit. Whatever profit he could manage, was used to upkeep his shop, and take care of his family. The ideas of unlimited surplus and expansion of capital had not yet been introduced. The displacement of guild control allowed enterprising merchants to take over industry. They brought in raw materials and hired semi-skilled workers. The workers were paid, but the overall ownership of the enterprise and products stayed with the merchants. They sold the finished product in the international market at whatever price they could. Any profits that were yielded belonged to the merchants, not the workers. Profit seeking is one of the major reasons businesses and industries strive for success in todays society. Companies and entrepreneurs have learned about partnerships and their values by looking back on the successful family firms of the fifteenth century. They have also learned about the importance of the way they treat their laborers. Once profit seeking became the major drive behind business and industry, ideas such as reinvesting and expansion were born. These two basic ideas are the basis of our capitalistic society today. The downside appeared to be the limitations that were imposed upon the workers. The workers were paid at a low rate, and had absolutely no say in the manner in which the business was conducted, and were prohibited by law to organize or strike. This destroyed master worker relationships that existed in the past, and put a limitation on the workers creativity. I believe this to be the reason that the us vs. them atmosphere is still present in the workplace today. In all, I believe that the turn to unlimited profit seeking was by far a b ...

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Wausau Paper Comapny Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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The Indictment of the United States in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath Essay Example for Free

The Indictment of the United States in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath Essay The Grapes of Wrath is a novel written by John Steinbeck. In the bulk of modern literature, it is consider a masterful epic unmatched in the realm of the written word. The novel centers around a family of workers who are immigrants The Joads. When the novel takes place they are in California attempting to survive the scarce conditions of the depression. Steinbeck monitors and recounts the ups and downs of the family and their experiences in United States. The Grapes of Wrath is an indictment of the United States because much of the plot is Steinbecks commentary on the rampant capitalism which literary sucked the land and the people dry during the 1930s. The story is based on real life excerpts of John Steinbecks field research. The real life conflict was created by greedy business men, and lending institutions which bought up land and employed workers to farm. 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A major theme developed by Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath is his believe that the survive of the lower class is based on their dedication to family. His approach is a delicate mixture of Marxism and Socialism, both of which promote cooperative living. In the context of the time, Steinbecks beliefs were not just controversial but also dangerous. The United States went through a two periods in which the government hunted after individuals they considered unamerican, the 1920s and the 1950s. This novel was written in the the 1930s. However, Steinbeck intricately weaves a tale of family strife, struggle, and survival, in The Grapes of Wrath, which has become a beloved and honored classic since its publication. Steinbecks depiction of the devastating conditions during the 1930s is historically accurate. In particular, Steinbeck articulately describes what a Dust Bowl actually is and how it was created. He explains that the great plains experienced the greatest droughts ever during the great depression. The Dust Bowl was created due to lack of rain and also the over use of the land. Once pieces of land are over farmed they lose their nutrients and crops will not grow. These areas, once plush with grass and trees became â€Å"virtual deserts. † It was this drought which forced families, hungry and tired, to see out new hope in the west. The west promised folks clean and cheap living, and with access to regular work. Steinbeck describes the Dust Bowl in the following way, â€Å"The wind increased, steady, unbroken gusts. The dusts from the roads fluffed up and spread out and fell on the weeds besides the fields . . .the sky was darkened by the mixing dust, and the wind felt over the earth, loosened the dust, and carried it away. † For the people living in these devastated lands, this was a very accurate account as to what the â€Å"weather† was like for weeks and months. There are two general groups of people at conflict in the novel the rich bosses and the labor force. Steinbeck writes heart wrenching characters of the lower class which are just barely surviving. These workers are victimized by the greedy upper classes, their bodies treated like commodities. The audience can feel nothing but empathy for these immigrant workers who toil the land drawing figures in the dust with bare toes, (10), while the men that own the land [sit] in their cars to talk out of the window, (43), making money on the backs of the poor folk. Steinbeck explains that these capitalists have never done a day of hard work in their life and their only motive in using big earth augers into the ground for soil tests (43) is to squeeze more money from the land they own. Steinbeck is also quick to point out that farmers and these land owners are different. While landowners corrupt the land leaving it near death with their iron penes [and] orgasms set by gears [rape] methodically, [rape] without passion. (50). Whereas the farmer works with the land keeping it healthy. He explains A bank isnt like a man. Or an owner with fifty thousand acres, he isnt like a man either. Thats the monster. (46). Steinbeck does offer an alternate choice to this capitalistic nightmare which is represented by the Weedpatch Camp. This a town in which folks elect their own cops (400), and everyone who lives and works in the town has say about the choices are made. It is within Weedpatch, that all people including immigrant are treated fairly and with kindness. Steinbeck asserts that it is socialism that ensures that there is respect, and equality between all its citizens. It is in Weedpatch that Joads family ends up and while their struggle is not over, at least their victimization is. 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Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Pathogenesis Biology Essay

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis And Pathogenesis Biology Essay Leishmaniasis is a tropical, protozoan disease caused exclusively by intracellular parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniasis is a worldwide problem and due to the various species of Leishmania, can manifest in humans as 3 main clinical forms: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, or Visceral Leishmaniasis. Consequently, the severity of the infection and symptoms differ from self healing infections that produce significant scars to the fatal infections. Pathogenesis Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of female insect vector sand flies of the species Phlebotomus in the Old World and Luzomyia in the New World (Figure 1). The life cycle for all Leishmania species is relatively simple and similar (Figure 2). When the sand fly takes a blood meal, it inoculates the source with the 2-3 mm long parasite. At this stage, the Leishmania parasite is known as a promastigote as it contains a singular flagellum. Promastigotes are injected into the host skin, after which they attach themselves to the hosts macrophages, and are induced by phagocytosis. These white blood cells are present at the inoculation site because of the hosts natural immune response to the sand fly bite. Once inside the macrophages, the promastigotes transform into their non-flagellate form, known as amastigotes. From here the amastigotes reproduce by binary fission and continue to proliferate within the white blood cells until the cell bursts. The parasites are then free to infect and invade other reticulo-endothelial cells, which share the same fate and are destroyed due to the reproduction of amastigotes within. The amastigotes and infected macrophages enter the blood circulation. The life cycle of Leishmania is continued when a female sand fly feeds on the infected hosts blood and the amastigotes are taken up by the sand flies. Amastigotes transform into promastigotes, which proliferate by binary fission in the midgut of the sand fly over a period of 4-25 days (WHO, 2010). Hereafter, the promastigotes migrate to the fly proboscis or mouthparts, where the parasite can infect a new host during feeding (Murray et al, 2009) and thus the Leishmania lifecycle is continued. Mammals are more often reservoirs for infection. As well as humans; dogs, rodents, wolves and foxes are examples of common reservoirs (Neuber, 2008) and thus, can suffer from leishmaniasis diseases too. Figure 2: The life cycle of Leishmania. Adapted from Chappuis et al (2007). Figure 1: A Sand fly vector of Leishmania parasites. Extracted from Neuber (2008). Epidemiology Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries, 72 of which are developing countries. An estimated 12 million people are infected with leishmaniasis and 70,000 people die each year (Reithinger et al, 2007). There are currently about 350 million people worldwide that are at risk and threatened by leishmaniasis because they live within 40Â ° north and south of the equator (Jones et al., 2005; Neuber, 2008) and according to the World Health Organisation (2010), there are an estimated 1-2 million new cases each year. There are approximately 20 species of Leishmania which are pathogenic for humans (Chappuis et al., 2007). These species vary in their geographical location and have an effect on the leishmaniasis which manifests (Table 1). Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis and is endemic in over 70 countries worldwide (Figure 3). It is found throughout Africa and the Middle East in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Iraq, Kabul, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria; however, more particularly in South America, in Brazil and Peru (Reithinger et al, 2007; Murray et al, 2009). Over 90% mucocutaneous leishmaniasis often occurs in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru and the majority (over 90%) of visceral leishmaniasis cases, the most dangerous form, is localised to 6 countries; Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Nepal and Sudan. There are an estimated 500,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis each year (WHO, 2010; Chappuis et al., 2007). Figure 3: Geographical distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Extracted from Reithinger et al (2007). Main Clinical Presentation Leishmania Parasite Main Geographical Distribution Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. tropica* Africa, Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean area Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. major* Middle East, Africa Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. aethiopia* Ethiopia, Kenya Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. amazonesis ^ South America (Brazil, Venezuela) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L .columbiensis ^ Northern South America (Columbia, Panama) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. garnhami ^ South America (Venezuela) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. peruviana ^ Peru, Panama, Costa Rica, Columbia Cutaneous Leishmaniasis L. venezuelensis ^ Northern South America (Venezuela) Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis L. braziliensis ^ Central and South America Visceral Leishmaniasis L. donovani* Africa, Asia Visceral Leishmaniasis L. infantum (L. chagasi) Europe, north Africa, Central and South America, Mediterranean area Table 1: Overview of clinical presentation and geographical distribution of species of Leishmaniasis that cause human disease. L. = Leishmania. * Leishmania species of the Old World. ^ Leishmania species of the New world. Data adapted from Reithinger et al (2007), Neuber (2008) and Murray et al (2009). Clinical Presentation Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a localised reaction at the inoculation site, which tends to be uncovered areas such as the face, hands and lower legs. Between 2 weeks and 2 months after the sand flys bite, a red papule forms. The area begins to swell and become irritated and after 3-4 weeks, flat ulcers form which eventually harden and form crusted margins. The volcano-like lesions that form can heal without treatment; however, sufferers are commonly left with significant, disfiguring scars. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as espundia, is most often caused by Leishmania viannia braziliensis and has a similar incubation time as cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, this form causes more devastating disfigurement to disease sufferers as the parasites metastasise towards to the mucosal membranes and destroy them and nearby unrelated tissue structures also (Murray et al, 2009). This form is more commonly seen after a primary infection of cutaneous leishmaniasis, where the lesions have eventually healed. Untreated lesions can transform into mucocutaneous forms and year later the oral and nasal mucosas become infected. Inflammation of the nose, mouth, oropharynx and trachea cause sever mutilation and facial disfigurement. Death can sometimes arise as mucosal lesions do not self-heal and prolonged infection compromises both immune and respiratory systems. Visceral Leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as, kala-azar, dumdum fever or black fever, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, and if left untreated, those infected will die. It is the most dangerous because parasites leave the skin and colonise the entire reticulo-endothelial system (Neuber, 2008) and spread to internal organs. Incubation period may be from several weeks to a year and can present as a rapidly fatal disease or as an asymptomatic, self-limiting infection (Murray et al, 2009). As the parasites proliferate and destroy the hosts cells, sufferers present with a marked enlargement of the liver, spleen lymph nodes as well as fatigue, weight loss, fever chills, severe anaemia and kidney damage. Death is caused by haemorrhage, complications relating to anaemia or a weakened immune system which cannot deal with bacterial co-infections (Chappuis et al, 2007). As is the case with all forms of leishmaniasis, the chances of the sufferer developing a secondary infection, such as a bacterial infection, are very high and doing so, can complicate the disease further and may lead to death. To add: one photo for each CL, ML and VL. Canine Leishmaniasis Leishmania infantum not only cause severe disease in humans, but in dogs also. Millions of dogs in Europe, Asia, North Africa, and South America are affected by the parasite. There are some clinical manifestations of the disease in dogs which re similar to that of humans including cutaneous alterations, enlargement of lymph nodes, liver and spleen, weight loss and glomerulopathy. As well as this, ocular lesions, epistaxis (nose bleeds), onycogryphosis (abnormal curving of claws) and lameness (disability in walking) are classic symptoms found in infected dogs (Maia and Campino, 2008). As with visceral leishmaniasis, canine leishmaniasis may also present as an asymptomatic infection, thus delaying necessary treatment. Diagnosis Due to the clinical presentations of the disease, a diagnosis can be made; however, for a definitive diagnosis the Leishmania parasite must be detected to confirm the diagnosis. Parasitological techniques are routinely used and involve demonstrating promastigotes in a direct examination of tissue aspirates, or detecting amastigotes in biopsy specimens, which are then, examined using a microscope. Serological techniques to diagnose leishmaniasis are based upon indirectly identifying specific host humoural and cell-mediated responses after inoculation of the parasite. Diagnostic methods include direct agglutination test (DAT), the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting and antigen detection. Molecular techniques involve detecting leishmanial DNA or RNA have been beneficial in not only diagnosis, but species identification also. The molecular techniques include using various versions of polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to amplify species specific parasite sequences, DNA probes, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and isoenzyme electrophoresis. Treatment All forms of leishmaniasis should be treated due to their mortality and morbidity consequences. Drugs are available to treat the disease and choice for all forms is the pentavalent antimonial compound sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam). Cutaneous leishmaniasis is also treated with injections of other antimonial compounds, such as fluconazole and litefosine, directly into the infected lesions (* Figure). Miltefosine has also proven to be an effective treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (Murray et al, 2009). However, as with all drug treatments, the development of drug resistance is a huge issue and over use of this drug in previous years could lead to Leishmania species becoming resistant. As well as this, there are considerable side effects associated with most drugs (Neuber, 2008). A safe and effective vaccine against the various species is urgently required particularly in endemic areas; however, there is currently no vaccine available although work to develop one is still ongoing. (To add: * Figure of such treatment) Social and Economical Implications Leishmaniasis is found in developing countries or the poorer regions of a country and thus commonly affects the poorest of the poor. Having such a disease can cause many problems in the lives of those infected and their families as they become poorer due to the direct and high costs of diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and the indirect costs such as loss of income (Chappuis et al, 2007). Another impact of the disease is the social and psychological stigma associated with leishmaniasis, because of the disfigurement and significant scarring caused. Thus, even after the disease has been treated or self-healed, patients must deal with a constant reminder of what they had to endure. Cheap, rapid and accurate diagnostic methods are needed to allow all those infected, especially the poor, to get the medical attention they need, and to also allow treatment to start as soon as possible thus ensuring symptoms may not be as detrimental. Project Aims The aim of this project is to compare the different methods for diagnosis of leishmaniasis in humans and dogs. These methods will be critically analysed in order to test the following hypothesis: A Leishmania infection can be detected unequivocally. In doing so, the necessary requirements for a correct diagnosis for those who live in endemic areas and for those whom leishmaniasis is a threat, will also be discussed.

Brand Tracking Survey Essay -- Business and Management Studies

Brand Tracking Survey This is a brand tracking survey that Steinlager beer might use. You will see where you can insert your own product category and brand name. Notice how the questions go from broad to specific. Keep that format if you add your own questions. Keep all of these questions! Be aware that in some situations, brand tracking may be concerned with which products the brand reminds consumers of (when the brand is on multiple products), instead of which brands the product reminds people of (as we do here). Parts of this survey come from: Keller, Kevin Lane (1998), Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, p382-383. You would conduct this kind of survey by telephone or in person. The interviewer can complete the questionnaire[1]. Alternatively, give respondents a printed copy to complete, but save any pages that mention the target brand until they have completed the first part. Always begin with an introduction that tells who you are, what you are doing and what you will ask them to do. Use one like the one provided here. Introduction Information for Participants â€Å"I am conducting a short interview on consumer opinions about certain products. This is part of my study about brands at the Waikato Management School. I’m in Dr Carolyn Costley’s class on Brand Strategy. The questions will take about ten minutes. You do not have to answer them. If you do, I will combine your res...

Speeches in The Tempest versus As You Like It :: William Shakespeare

The speeches delivered by Prospero and Jacques each hold extensive contrasting differences. Both Prospero, the tempestuous protagonist in The Tempest, and Jacques, a minor melancholy character in As You Like It, see things in a dissimilar light. They have gone through things in their lives that have shaped their thoughts and opinions on certain topics. Prospero and Jacques’ show this in their moods and then in the subjects of which they speak. By perceiving the contrasting objects in Prospero and Jacques’ speeches, we find that they are quite different in character. Things that have happened, to both Prospero and Jacques, have had an effect on their moods. Before Prospero delivers his speech, he discovers that Miranda and Ferdinand are in love and declares happily, â€Å"It goes on, I see, as my soul prompts it† (Act 1 scene 2, (424-425). Then cheerfully adds, â€Å"So glad of this as they I cannot be, who are surprised withal. But my rejoicing† (Act 3 scene 1, (95-97). Jacques, on the other hand, when hearing Duke Senior state, â€Å"Thou seest we are not all alone unhappy† (Act 2 scene 7, (138-141) openly disagrees. He then proclaims, â€Å"to speak my mind, and I will through and through cleanse the foul body th’ infected world, if they will patiently receive my medicine† (Act 2 scene 7, (138-141). His view of the word seems to poison his mind resulting in his despondent mood. The events that occurred to Prospero and Jacques find a place in their thoughts and are responsible for altering their attitu des. The disposition of Prospero and Jacques’s speeches differ seeing as Prospero’s shows signs of happiness while Jacques’ only shows a depressing hue. Prospero shows a happy tint to his speech namely when he says â€Å"Be cheerful, sir. Our revels now are ended† (Act4 scene1, (147-148). Jacques, contrastingly, shows his ever-present melancholy personality by saying words that have negative tones such as â€Å"Mewling†¦puking†¦ whining†¦ [and] †¦unwilling† (Act2 scene7, (147†¦150). The attitudes that Prospero and Jacques have, reflect in the content of their speeches. Prospero speaks more about heavenly things while Jacques spends his whole speech addressing the life of man. Prospero seems to be fascinated by mostly spirits and heavenly structures as found in the following passage: â€Å"These our actors, as I foretold you, were all spirits and are melted into air, into thin air †¦[along with] the cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, [and] the solemn temples† (Act4 scene1, (148-153).

Macbeth: The Struggle Against Evil Essay

Thesis Statement: In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the character Macbeth constantly battles against his evil nature. As the play progresses, Macbeth seems to have become a completely evil tyrant, but he never fully ends his struggle against evil. Introduction I. Macbeth: a noble and virtuous character II. Struggle with temptation and evil A. Witches B. Himself C. Lady Macbeth III. Murder of Duncan A. Before the murder B. Effects of the murder IV. Murder of Banquo V. Murder of Macduff’s family VI. Lasting nobility and signs of conscience Conclusion William Shakespeare’s primary source for Macbeth was Holinshed’s History of Scotland. The fictional character, Macbeth, is based mainly on the actual Macbeth who Holinshed writes about. This Scottish play is, â€Å"Shakespeare’s chief tragic gift to the world at large† (Jonson, Beaumont, Fletcher 279). Although it is his shortest play, it is often considered to be his best. In it he depicts the â€Å"corruption of a soul† in a way that both excites us, yet at the same time brings fear to us (Jonson, Beaumont, Fletcher 279). He is a character with whom, we are strangely able to identify, and whose destruction we cannot watch without feelings of fright and pity (Alden 276). It is a play, which becomes the personal tragedy of Macbeth, a noble character whose flaws cause his downfall. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the character Macbeth constantly battles against his evil nature. As the play progresses, Macbeth seems to have become a completely evil tyrant, but he never fully ends his struggle against evil. Initially, Macbeth is portrayed as a brave, noble, and loyal man. He is well known and praised by many, including Duncan, the King of Scotland, who praises him for his loyalty and successes in battle. Macbeth seems to be the quintessence of nobility. Walter Curry states, â€Å"He knows what it is to be actively loyal to king and country, to accept duty, to promote justice, amity, and piety† (112). Before meeting the witches, he seems to have a â€Å"definite disposition†, to be resolute in his choices, and free from ambiguity (Curry 104). According to Raymond Alden, â€Å"The principle point is that Macbeth is presented to us at the outset in a nobly attractive form and is actually, in some sense, a good man† (276). When he meets the witches, they help instill evil thoughts into his mind. They see, â€Å"what passions drive him and what dark desires await their fostering† (Curry 116). He struggles with these evil thoughts which are already rooted within him. His real temptation begins after hearing Johnson 2 the witches’ predictions saying that he will become king. Curry says that the witches’ prophecy, â€Å"arouses his passions and inflames his imagination to the extent that nothing is but what is not† (78). Realizing his flaws in character and that he wants the kingdom, they feed his strong sense of ambition and self-love. Curry explains that the witches, â€Å"symbolize a secret world of evil spirits that with satanic cunning lie in wait for human souls, conquering the unguarded heart and rejoicing in hurling their victim to the dust of misery and sin†(57). Their purpose is, â€Å"to stimulate Macbeth’s imagination to the point of grasping some underlying emotional, moral, or intellectual content† (Curry 55). Through their temptation, the witches are able to confuse and corrupt his judgement so that he is lead towards choosing the means to reach his desired goal, to become king. After the first appearance of the witches, Macbeth’s pride and ambition begin to overcome him. Evil thoughts of how he could obtain the crown run through his mind. He really begins to go through an internal struggle against evil. Curry says that he is too concerned not with, â€Å"attaining the ultimate good, but of flattering his inordinate love of self† (113). He is incapable of using correct judgement and making a reasonable decision. He knows that to become king, he will have to commit murder. He is very sensible and thinks about what the consequences of his actions would be. He still has a strong sense of conscience; although, his ambition is beginning to overtake him. Alden observes that Macbeth’s evil thoughts are, â€Å"in the making, instead of ready made; and they struggle against that sense of their vileness which we have already observed† (277). Duncan is a good and virtuous king; he is also Macbeth’s cousin. The power of his ambition is demonstrated when he says, â€Å"I have no spur / to prick the sides of Johnson 3 my intent but / vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself / and falls on th’ other† (1.7.25-28). â€Å"Vaulting ambition† is his chief character flaw and his only reason to kill the king. Edward Dowden points out that, â€Å"Shakespeare does not believe in any sudden transformation of a noble and loyal soul into that of a traitor and murderer† (223). Macbeth’s conscience still bothers him, even though he knows what course of action he should take. After much contemplation, he resolves not to kill Duncan, but his decision doesn’t last long. Evil thoughts overcome him. Lady Macbeth is also seen as an evil with which he struggles against. She understands Macbeth very well and knows exactly how to manipulate him. She knows that he is a good man. This is demonstrated to us when she says, â€Å"Yet I do fear thy nature; / It is too full o’ th’ milk of human kindness / To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great, / Art not without ambition, but without / the illness should attend it† ( 1.5.16-20). She also knows that he will probably not go through with his plans without her pressuring and influencing him to go through with them. She decides that she must rid of anything that interferes with him becoming king. Macbeth tells her that he has decided not to kill the king and she becomes infuriated. She knows that he is a very proud man, so by questioning his manhood she is able to convince him to kill the king. According to Curry, â€Å"He dares do all that may become a man. And it is precisely this established foundation of his self-esteem that Lady Macbeth assaults. She charges him with unmasculine weakness and contemptible cowardice† (118). She is a very influential force upon him and holds much power. Macbeth succumbs to the temptation and evil of his wife. Even though he has given into the temptation and evil, he continues to have a strong sense of conscience and fears the evil act which he is soon going to commit. Johnson 4 Macbeth goes through a major struggle with his guilt and conscience when he commits his first murder, the murder of Duncan. Wilson Knight observes that, â€Å"He himself is hopelessly at a loss, and has little idea as to why he is going to murder Duncan† (121). Macbeth is nervous and feels very guilty about murdering him. He feels so guilty that he even becomes delusional and starts imagining things. His regretting conscience and struggle against evil is demonstrated to us when directly after murdering him, he hears voices saying, â€Å"Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor / Shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more† (2.2.41-42). He is very remorseful and doesn’t want to think about the evil act which he has just committed. His remorse and conscience is shown after killing Duncan when he says, â€Å"This is a sorry sight† (2.2.20). He is very rattled and on edge because of his sins. Beginning after the first murder, there is a dramatic change in the Macbeth’s character. Curry says, â€Å"It is a profound alteration in the state of his personality, an astounding dislocation of the very center of being, which fixes itself immediately in a habit inclining to further crime† (104). After murdering Duncan, it’s as if the good in him begins to diminish. He starts to lose some of his conscience and begins transforming into an almost evil character. Curry quotes Thomas Aquinas in saying, â€Å"when man through one sinful act loses honor, charity, or shame, or anything else that withdraws him from evil, he thereby falls into another sin, the first being the accidental cause of the second† (119). He becomes less concerned with conscience, and more concerned with completing what he has already begun: â€Å"I am in blood stepped so far that, should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o’er† (3.5.37- ). He feels like it is too late for him to turn back now, and that he has nothing left to lose at this point. Johnson 5 It becomes easier for Macbeth to commit the second and third murders. A â€Å"train† of sins and crimes follow the first crime he commits (Curry 120). The second murder is the murder of Banquo. Banquo was one of his close colleagues but his, â€Å"wracking passions, frayed nerves, and inordinate apprehension of the imagination,† have led him to believe that Banquo’s knowledge Could be a possible threat to him (Curry 127). He built it up in his mind that Banquo was the main source of all his problems and a very significant threat to his kingdom. Thinking that doing evil will be easier if he does it quickly, he says, â€Å"The very firstlings of my heart shall be / The firstlings of my hand† (4.1.147-148). Taking this irrational course of action leads to the third murder that Macbeth commits, the murder of Macduff’s family. Macduff is one of the main people who oppose Macbeth and pose a major threat. Without any rational reason, and in a rage of anger, he surprises Macduff’s castle and kills everyone in his family. By this time it seems as if so many of his sins have built up, and that almost all of the goodness which he initially had has left him. He remains an almost completely evil tyrant. Although finally, it seems like there is no goodness and nobility remaining in him, there is. Macbeth never fully allows himself to become entirely evil. There are still lasting signs of conscience and virtue shown in his character. Curry explains, † Macbeth remains essentially human and his conscience continues to witness the diminution of his being. There is still left necessarily some natural good in him; sin cannot completely deprive him of his rational nature, which is the root of his inescapable inclination to virtue†(133). Even when Macbeth is about to die, he demonstrates nobility by not killing himself or giving up. He also did not want to kill Macduff because he felt guilty about spilling so much of his blood already. This shows his Johnson 6 lasting conscience and virtue. Thomas Aquinas is quoted as stating that, â€Å"no human being can become completely evil† (Curry 89). Initially, it is easy to see all of Macbeth’s good virtues, but later after he has committed all of his evil acts, it becomes very difficult. It’s almost as if the evil takes over and becomes second nature to him, but not quite. Doing the evil acts is always difficult for him, and through it all he is able to maintain his conscience and some virtues. He never becomes completely evil because of his conscience, which causes a great deal of mental suffering. The good in him is never fully destroyed, and we hold admiration for him even up to the time of his death: â€Å"Macbeth’s language is the grave utterance of the very heart, conscience-sick, even to the last faintings of moral death† (Jonson, Beaumont, Fletcher 230). Works Cited Alden, Raymond. Shakespeare. New York: Duffield, 1922. Curry, Walter C. Shakespeare’s Philosophical Patterns. Ann Arbor: LSU UP, 1959. Dowden, Edward. Shakespeare: A Critical Study of His Mind and Art. New York: Harper, 1880. Jonson, Ben, Beaumont, and Fletcher. Shakespeare. Liverpool: Howell, 1874. Knight, Wilson. The Wheel of Fire: Interpretations of Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Meridian, 1957. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Literature, Timeless Voices, Timeless Themes: The British Tradition. Ed. Ellen Bowler et al. Saddle River, New Jers4ey: Prentice, 1999. 272-361.

Gender and Family Essay

It can be said the males make up the vast majority of the prison population. It can also be said that men are just plain different than women when it comes to ethics, morals, and violence. Whether gender has any influence on whether or not a crime is committed is not fully understood, but there are many theories. What are some current explanations for gender differences as they relate to delinquency? * * There are many views and theories as to if and how gender affects delinquency. One of the major theories is the gender-schema theory which basically states that society influences create girls feminine and boys masculine and that they are expected to adhere to those gender roles. Others theorize that differences are based on traits and that it is the â€Å"interaction of biological and psychological traits with the social environment that produces delinquency† (Siegel & Welsh, p. 142). Much of this has to do with child development. Other theorists believe social factors such as family life and friendships play a major role in criminal behavior. The feminists hold that crime rates have fluctuated because of the increased role women have in today’s society .Another contributor to the debate is the power-control theory which attests that women commit less crime because men have a role as the breadwinner for the family. How does family affect delinquency? * Much of our life is based on relationships and family is a big part of that. Family relationships, or the lack of relationships, can influence a  person in many ways. The affect is unique to the person and their situation so it is hard, if not impossible, to determine if family interactions can influence criminal behavior. * How does family makeup affect delinquency? * Factors in regards to family makeup that affect delinquency can include divorce or separation, economic stress, abuse, as well as lack of adequate or positive adult supervision. The family interactions can either be a positive influence or a negative one which could increase the risk for delinquent behavior. * How does family behavior influence delinquency? * * There are four categories of family behavior that are possible contributors to delinquent behavior. These include family breakup, conflict, deviance, and neglect (Siegel & Welsh, p. 159). These factors can combine or work individually to create a high risk environment for delinquent behavior. Research done in regards to these four relationship theories and their applicability is still controversial. * Unhappy marriages, separation, divorce, and remarriage all contribute to an unstable home environment. The institution of marriage is no longer what it used to be. There have been studies done, but none have concluded with substantial results on this issue. Although the divorce rate has increased to, it has not been shown that this has been caused by family breakup. The theory that family conflict can lead to delinquency has shown in research to be a contributing factor in delinquency. †Adolescents who are incarcerated report growing up in dysfunctional homes† (Siegel & We lsh, 161). This can mean anything from parents who argue a lot to parent-child conflicts based on rules or punishment. Other family members who exhibit deviant behavior can also have a negative influence. When delinquent behavior appears to be acceptable and other family members are participating in criminal acts, children or other siblings may view it as an appealing practice or condoned behavior. Neglect can come in many forms and is also a theory behind what causes delinquent behavior. Although each family structure is different with  contributing cultural factors, there may be a link between children who do not have a strong parent-child connection. Problems may arise due to inconsistent discipline, inadequate supervision, or family resources being stretched too thin due to family size or economic situations. Are delinquent females treated differently than delinquent males by members of the juvenile justice system? * Yes, female juvenile offenders are treated differently than male offenders. They are less likely than males to get arrested and charged for a crime. However, once charged, females typically receive a harsher punishment. Are they treated unfairly? * Typically, female offenders are under more scrutiny of stereotypes than males. Society, and those employed in the juvenile justice system hold females to a different moral standards than men. However, this is dependent upon the situation as well as the location. * Do they benefit from being female? Why or why not? * In some ways, females benefit from gender inequality, but in other ways it works against them. While they may not get arrested as often, once in the system they often deal with unfair conditions. In fact, â€Å"Institutionalized girls report that they are given fewer privileges and less space, equipment, programs, and treatment than institutionalized boys† (Siegel & Welsh, p.152). References Siegel, L. J. & Welsh, B. C. (2005). Juvenile delinquency: The core. (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.