Development of Anti-Cancer Agent

Development of Anti-Cancer AgentDesign, ultrasound assisted synthesis and in-vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone and 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnonecarboxaldehyde against 60 Human Tumor cubicle choresSachin K. Bhosale, Shreenivas R. Deshpandeand Rajendra D. WaghDesign, ultrasound asisted synthesis and in-vitro anticancer activity of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone and 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnonecarboxaldehyde against 60 Human Tumor booth linesAbstractIn an attempt to develop an effective and safer anticancer agent, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde 5 have been designed and synthesized under ultrasonication by formylation of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-sydnone 4 and characterized by spectral studies. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was found to be simple, ecofriendly, cherryuces reaction time and gave great yield when comp ard with traditional methods of synthesis. Anticancer activity of the compounds were tested against 60 human tumor carrel lines and compared with standard drug Vincristine sulphate. cytotoxicity military rating revealed that compound 5 is most potent against NCI-H23 (Non-Small cell lung cancer) with comparative activity of Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31 (Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). In future, question and modification of compounds to unalike derivatives may lead to development of potent anticancer drug.Keywords Anticancer, 1, 2, 3-oxadiazol-5-olate, Formylation, UltrasonicationINTRODUCTIONMesoionic sydnone compounds have shown a variety of biological activities including antitumor ((Kier et al., 1964, Dunkley et al., 2003, Satyanarayana et al., 1995, Kavali et al., 2000, Dunkley et al., 2003, Fregly et al., 1964, Stewart et al., 1965, Roche et al., 1965). It is thought that the ionic resonance structures of the heterocyclic compound ring promote significant interactions with biological molecules. In 1992 a series of 4-substituted-3-nitrophenylsydnones were synthesized and evaluated by Grynberg et al for anticancer activity and it was found that the 4-chloro and the 4-pyrrolidino compounds significantly enhanced the endurance of Sarcoma 180 (S180), Ehrlich carcinoma (Ehrlich) and Fibrous histiocytoma (B10MCII) tumor bearing mice(Dunkley et al., 2003). It was also found that the larger hetero rings p-piperidino and p-morpholino, were less potent (Kier et al., 1964, Dunkley et al., 2003). Herein we report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of deuce para-chloro substituted analogues of sudnone molecules 4 and 5. These were tested for 60 human tumor cell lines at the National Cancer Institute for antitumor activity at a tokenish of five concentrations at 10-fold dilutions.The synthesized chloro substituted sydnones (4 and 5) passed the primary assay by inhibiting the growing of at least one cell line to less t han 32%, and both are proved to be moderate active and versatile against each cell line.MATERIALS AND METHODSAll chemicals and reagents were purchased form from Sigma-Aldrich, Mumbai, India. Melting points of the intermediates and the final products were recorded using a systolic melting point apparatus and are reported uncorrected. Thin layer chromatographies (TLC) were performed on E-Merck precoated 60 F254 plates and the spots were rendered visible by exposing to UV light. Infra red spectra were recorded in KBr discs using Jasco FTIR 1460 Plus spectrometer. NMR spectra were obtained on a BRUKER AVANCE II 400 NMR spectrometer at 500 MHz for 1H and cxxv MHz for 13C, the chemical shifts are expressed in (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane (TMS). Electron impact mass spectra were recorded on WATERS, Q-TOF MICROMASS (LC-MS) instrument. Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were in full pledge with the proposed structures within 0.4% of the theoretical values. The ultrasonic irradiation wa s performed by using a Biotechnics India TM ultrasonic cleaner bath, model 1510, AC input 115 V, turnout 50 W, 1.9 liters with a mechanical timer (60 min with continuous hold) and heater switch, 47 KHz.Synthesis of Ethyl N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycinate (1)A categorization of Para-Chloroaniline (2.80 g, 0.02mol) and chloroethyl acetate (2.12 mL, 0.02mol) was added to the solution of fermentation alcohol (20 mL) and anhydrous sodium acetate (3.28 g, 0.04mol) under ultrasonication conditions and allowed to react for 120 min. The mixture was diluted with 20 mL of pissing and cooled in refrigerator for overnight and recrystallized in ethanol to yield 1 (83%), mp 114-116 C. IR (KBr) 3327, 2950, 2934, 2879, 1756, 1069 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 1.21 (t, 3H, COOCH2CH3), 3.76 (s, 1H, NH), 4.29 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.54 (q, 2H, COOCH2CH3), 6.83-7.21 (m, 4H, Ar-H) 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6) 14.65, 44.73, 62.07, 115.12, 123.22, 129.01, 146.26, 173.13.Synthesis of N-(4-chlorophenyl) genus Glycine (2)E thyl N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycinate (4.26 g, 0.02mol) and sodium hydroxide (1.2 g, 0.030mol) in ethanol was alter under ultrasonication conditions at 65 C for 15 min and allowed to cool and acidified with dil HCl. Yield 87 %, mp 146-148 C. IR (KBr) 3319, 3277, 2951, 2937, 2879, 1703, 1063 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 4.29 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.39 (s, 1H, COOH), 6.55 (s, 1H, NH), 6.79-7.27 (m, 4H, Ar-H) 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6) 44.48, 115.02, 124.16, 130.02, 145.97, 171.98.Synthesis of N-nitroso (4-chlorophenyl) glycine (3)Ice cold solution of the N-(4-chlorophenyl) glycine (3.72 g, 0.02mol) was added in crushed ice water (40 mL). A solution of sodium nitrite (1.38 g, 0.02mol) in ice cold water (10 mL) was added dropwise under ultrasonication condition at 0 C for 10 min. The reaction mixture was filtered and precipitated by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to the filtrate. Precipitate was filtered and recrystallized in methanol to yield 3 (81%), mp 109-111 C. IR (KBr) 3255-2521, 2923, 2849, 1711, 1569, 1325, 1062 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5.02 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.93-7.45 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 11.55 (s, 1H, COOH) 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6) 49.42, 120.75, 128.29, 130.43, 138.78, and 169.25.Synthesis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) sydnone (4)Acetic anhydride (30 mL) was added to 3 (5.40 g, 0.0252 mol) under ultrasonication condition at room temperature for 60 min. The reaction mixture was left overnightat room temperature. The solution was poured slowly into cold water which was very well stirred. The crude sydnone was filtered, dried and recrystallized in ethanol to yield 4 (93%), mp 139-141 C. IR (KBr) 3181, 1748, 1053. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 7.23 (s, 1H, sydnone), 7.49-8.13 (m, 4H, Ar-H). 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6) 123.15, 126.49, 131.53, 136.13, 141.13, 170.07Synthesis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde (5)N-Methylformanilide 2.84g (0.0210mol) and phosphoryl chloride (3.17g, 0.0205mol) were mixed under ultrasonication conditions for 10 min. after(prenominal) 0.5 h, 3.0 g (0.0186mol) of 4 was added portionwise with swirling and cooling under ultrasonication below 350C. Hydrogen chloride was evolved vigorously. After standing overnight, the viscous, dark-brown mixture was dissolved in 15 ml. of acetone and poured (stirring) into 75 ml. of ice water. The yellow-orange precipitate was filtered, washed (cold water), and dried. Yield 56%, mp 75-77 0C. MS (M+) (m/e) 223.99, 225.996, 225.002. IR (KBr) 1790 (C=O sydnone ring), 1640 (C=O aldehyde). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 7.2, 7.2, 7.3, 7.3 (Cl-Ph-), 9.61 (Sydnone-4-CHO). 13C NMR (40 MHz, DMSO-d6) 127, 129, 129, 130, 130, 134 (Cl-Ph-) 190 (CHO). Element analysis C 48.13, H 2.24, N 12.47, O 21.37 device 1-Synthesis of 3-(substituted aryl)-4-sydnonecarboxaldehyde (5) under ultrasonication conditions1.3. Anticancer screeningThe synthesized compound was screened for preliminary anticancer assay by National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, USA in an in vitro 60 human tumor cell panel. The process utili zed 60 different human tumor cell lines of the leukemia, Non-small cell lung, Colon, CNS, melanoma, ovarian, renal, Prostrate and breast cancers which was aimed in present selective growth inhibition or cell killing of particular tumor cell lines by specific compound. The screening begins with the evaluation of selected compounds against these 60 cell lines at a single dose of 10-5 M. The output from the single dose screen is reported as a mean graph of the percent growth of treated cells. It allows detection of both growth inhibition (values between 0 and 100) and lethality (values less than 0) (Roschke et al., 2003, Lorenzi et al., 2009, Mingyi et al., 2013, Al-Suwaidan et al., 2013, Senff-Ribeiro et al., 2004, Butkovic et al., 2011, Lorenzi et al., 2009, Mingyi et al., 2013, Al-Suwaidan et al., 2013, Senff-Ribeiro et al., 2004, Butkovic et al., 2011).RESULTCompund 5 showed highly cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) as compared to standard dr ug Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31(Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma). Details of % growth inhibition for comp. 4 (NSC 35759) 5 (NSC 774943/1) as shown in table 1.Table1 One dose mean graph for compound 4 (NSC 35759) and compound 5 (NSC 774943 / 1) Conc 1.00E-5 MolarTable 2 pct Growth inhibition of synthesized compounds against most effective cancer cell linesFigure1 region growh inhibition for cytotoxic activity evaluation of synthesized ompoundsFigure 2 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of compound 4Figure 3 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of compound 5Figure 4 Percentage growh inhibitions for cytotoxic activity evaluation of standard anticancer drug Vincristine sulphate.DISCUSSIONMolecules synthesized under ultrasonication conditions. The method provid es several advantages over current reaction methodologies, including a simple work up procedure. The ultrasonic method of synthesis was also found to be simple, ecofriendly, reduces reaction time and gave good yield when compared with traditional methods of synthesis. Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that out of 60 human tumor cell lines, compound 5 is highly effective against SNB-75 (CNS cancer) and UO-31 (Renal cancer) human tumor cell lines.Compund 5 showed highly cytotoxic activity against NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) as compared to standard drug Vincristine sulphate. Compound 5 also had shown moderate cytotoxicity against T-47D (Breast cancer), CAKI-1, UO-31(Renal cancer), HL-16TB (Leukemia), NCI-H23, NCI-H522 (Non-Small cell lung cancer), SNB-75 (CNS cancer), MALME-3 (Melanoma).CONCLUSIONIn the process of anticancer drug discovery, to find new potential anti-lung cancer agent, we designed and synthesized molecule 5. As compund 5 showed highly cytotoxicity aga inst NCI-H23 cell line (Non-Small cell lung cancer) in comparision to standard drug Vincristine sulphate, in future, research and development with designing desired modifications of molecule 4 and 5 may develop in safer and effective potential anticancer molecules.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAuthors are thankful to BCUD, University of Pune, INDIA (Project-13PHM000018) for financial assistance, NCI, USA for carrying out anticancer activity, SAIF Punjab University for spectral study, JNTU Hyderabad and Dr. Dhake A. S., SMBT College of Pharmacy, Dhamangaon, Nasik (MS) India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the research work.COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare that they have no competing interest.REFERENCESKier LB, Dhawan D and Fregley MJ (1964) Synthesis of alkyl substituted sydnone carboxylic acids. J. Pharm. Sci., 53 677.Dunkley CS and Thoman CJ (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel phenyl substituted sydnone series as potential antitumor agents. Bioorg Med. Che m. Lett., 13(17) 2899-2901.Satyanarayana K and Rao MN (1995) Synthesis, antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic testing of 4-1-oxo-(3-substituted aryl)-2-propenyl-3-phenylsydnones and of 3-4-3-(substituted aryl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl phenyl sydnone J. Pharm. Sci., 84(2)263-6.Kavali JR and Badami BV (2000) 1, 5-Benzodiazepine derivatives of 3-arylsydnones synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 3-aryl-4-2-aryl-2, 4, 6, 7-tetrahydro-(1H)-1, 5-benzodiazepine-4-yl sydnones. IL Farmaco, 55 406-409.Fregly MJ, Kier LB and Dhawan D (1964) Chloruretic, naturetic and depressor activities of some substituted sydnones. Tox Appl. Pharmacol., 6529Stewart TG and Kier LB (1965) Synthesis of several mesoionic 1, 3,4-thiadiazoles. J. Pharm. Sci., 54731.Roche EB and Kier LB (1965) Synthesis of two 4,5- Dialkylsydnone J Pharm. Sci., 54 1700.Dunkley CS and Thoman CJ (2003) Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel phenyl substituted sydnone series (VII) as potential antitumor agents. ChemInform, 34 129.Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, Beroukhim R, Milner DA, Granter SR, Du J, Lee C, Wagner SN, Li C, Golub TR, Rimm DL, Meyerson ML, fisherman DE and Sellers WR (2005). Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma. Nature, 436 (7047)117-122.Adams S, Robbins FM, Chen D, Wagage D, Holbeck SL, Morse HC 3rd, Stroncek D and Marincola FM (2005). HLA class I and II genotype of the NCI-60 cell lines. J. Transl. Med., 3(1)11.Roschke AV, Tonon G, Gehlhaus KS, McTyre N, Bussey KJ, Lababidi S, Scudiero DA, Weinstein JN and Kirsch IR (2003) Karyotypic complexity of the NCI-60 drug screening panel. Cancer Res, 63(24)8634-8647.Lorenzi PL, Reinhold WC, Varma S, Hutchinson AA, Pommier Y, Chanock SJ, Weinstein JN (2009) DNA Fingerprinting of the NCI 60 cell line panel. Mol. Cancer Ther, 8(4)713-24.Mingyi M, Longru S and LouMei Ji (2013) Synthesis and biological evaluation of Combretastatin A-4 derivative s containing a 3-O-substituted carbonic ether moiety as potential antitumor agents. Chemistry Central Journal, 7(1)179.Al-Suwaidan IA, Alanazi AM Abdel-Aziz AA, Mohamed MA and El-Azab AS (2013). Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-mercapto-3-phenethylquinazoline bearing anilide fragments as potential antitumor agents Molecular docking study. Bioorganic medicinal chemistry letters, 233935-3941.Senff-Ribeiro A, Echevarria A, Silva EF, Franco CRC, Veiga SS and Oliveira MBM (2004) Cytotoxic effect of a new 1, 3, 4-thiadiazolium mesoionic compound (MI-D) on cell lines of human melanoma. Br. J. Cancer 91(2) 297304.Butkovic K, Marinic Z and Sindler-Kulyka M (2011) Synthesis of 3-(o-stilbenyl) sydnone and 3-(o-stilbenyl)-4-substitutedsydnone derivatives and their antitumor evaluation. ARKIVOC, 115

Hospitality Staff Roles, Responsibilities and Qualifications

Hospitality Staff Roles, Responsibilities and QualificationsAccording to Merriam-webster.com (2016) roles is defined as the function performed in a particular operation or process while responsibilities are duties or tasks that you are required or expected to do, for example the one of the roles in a hotel is a animal trainer and his or her responsibility is the up keeping of the standards of the hotel. In this research, the roles, responsibility and the qualification requirements for the hospitality staff will be outlined thusly discussed. A conclusion will be drawn on the roles, responsibility and qualification requirements for the hospitality staff.The roles, responsibilities and qualification requirements for the hospitality staff are listed below obligation and qualifications for the role of supervisorOverseeing OperationsTrainOrder and manager inventory(suttle,2016) must(prenominal) have good communication skill.Must have the know how. fix experience.Entry-level job for those who is educated in business focusing.(Kelchner, 2016)Responsibility and qualifications for the role of managerAnalyze and plan restaurant sales and profits.Maintain the standards of the restaurants.Motivate, train and hire staff.(Prospects.ac.uk, 2016)Must have a Certificate or an accomplice degree.Must have organizational and interpersonal skills.Must be able to move around for large periods of time.Administrative and communicational skills.(Study.com, 2016)Responsibility and qualifications for the role of apprenticeapprenticeship varies on the jobMust learn and follow rules set by employerMust show bet in the chosen trade.Must demonstrate safety for self and co histrions.(brown, 2016)Must be 16yrs and over.Not in full time education.(Gov.uk, 2016)Responsibility and qualifications for the role of management traineeAssist with daily responsibilities.Attend training programs.Must cross train in different departments.(Reference, 2016)Must have a Certificate or an associate degree .Must have organizational and interpersonal skills.Must be able to move around for long periods of time.Administrative and communicational skills.(Study.com, 2016)Responsibility and qualifications for the role of periodic playercasual worker is qualified and competent to undertake the duties to be performed says Tbs-sct.gc.ca,( 2016)Responsibilities are based on the area placedResponsibility and qualifications for the role of informSupport team members.Report hazards.Be punctual and reliable.Carry out your duties effectively.(no qualification needed)(Victorias Volunteering Portal, 2016)Responsibility and qualifications for the role of a full-time worker.Must be attest in the area to which they are interested in.Must sign the company contract and abide by the rules and standards of the companyResponsibility and qualifications for the role of part-time workerQualification is pending on the area in which a person applies for.Responsibility varies on the role of the part-time work.R esponsibility and qualifications for the role of foreign workerMust have a work permit and certified in the area.The qualification for the hospitality staffs varies, it depends on the department and the role. It ranges from just experience needed to having diplomas and degrees to track these jobs. As defined above responsibilities are duties or task that you are expected to do (Merriam-webster.com, 2016). The different responsibilities might be similar analogous the manager and the supervisor, two different roles but their jobs are somewhat similar. Carrying out the responsibility effectivity and at the right time limit the work load and throw the role less complex.ConclusionIn conclusion, the roles, responsibility and qualification for hospitality staff in the UK is very clear, although the responsibilities for some of the roles are a lot, with the help of coadjutor it makes the work easier, for example the managers work in hand with the supervisor to carry out daily activities to take pressure off one person or body. To be qualified to work in the hospitality industry doesnt need much regarding qualification because some of the role described above are immersion or skilled level jobs just need a certification like a diploma to start work in some roles like a casual or a volunteer worker, this makes it a whole lot easier for persons to get jobs.

Importance of Electrochemical Series

Importance of Electrochemical SeriesA serial publication in which the decline electrode potentials of various electrodes cause been arranged in the increasing order (d throwwards) is called Electrochemical Series .The standard reducing potential of hydrogen is zero.The electrodes above hydrogen have disconfirming decrement potential succession those come on on a lower floor it have positive reduction potential and vice-versa.To understand the importance and application of Electrochemical serial we have to contain about Oxidation,Reduction and Standard Reduction Potential.What is Electrochemistry?Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry which deals with the study of the chemical changes which draw on passing electric current into certain chemical systems and in any case with the generation of electricity by carrying chemical reactions which ar redox reactions in nature. And Redox reactions are those reactions in which both oxidation and reduction taking place.electron ic Concept of Oxidation and ReductionAccording to the electronic concept, oxidation may be defined as the process in which an corpuscle or ion loses angiotensin-converting enzyme or to a greater extent electrons. The loss of electrons is also called de-electronation. As a result, there is increase in positive valency or minify in oppose valency of the species.The species which lose electrons during oxidation are called Reducing agents.According to the electronic concept, reduction may be defined as the process in which an atom or ion gains ace or more than electrons. The gain of electrons is also called electronation. As a result, there is increase in damaging valency or decrease in positive valency of the species.The species which gain electrons during reduction are called Oxidising agents.Electrode PotentialIt is the potential difference between the electrode and its ions in solution.The nurture of Electrode potential depends upon(i) Nature of the alloylic elementlic elem ent(ii) Concentration of the ions in solution.(iii) Temperature.Types of Electrode PotentialOxidation Potential-It is the tendency of the electrode to lose electrons and as a result it gets oxidize.Reduction Potential-It is the tendency of the electrode to accept electrons and as a result,it gets reduced.Measurement of Standard Electrode Potential (Eo)-The standard electrode potential(electron releasing or electron accepting tendency) of an electrode in contact with its electrolyte in a half stall cannot be measured experimentally due to the following reasons-A half cellular teleph one(a) whether oxidation or reduction half cell cannot work of its own and can work only when connected to the other half cell.The electron realeasing or accepting tendency of an electrode is only relative tendency and not coercive tendency.Thus we cannot determine the absolute standard electrode potential of an electrode.To solve the problem,a reference electrode is needed and an arbitrary electrode potential must be assigned to it.The commonly utilise reference electrode is standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) also called normal hydrogen electrode(NHE) and its standard electrode potential (oxidation as well as reduction) is taken as zero.We have give tongue to that a standard hydrogen electrode acts as the reference electrode and it helps in measuring the standard electrode potential of an electrode.An electrochemical cell is set up in which the metal electrode under consideration is kept in one half cell and the standard hydrogen electrode acts as the other half cell. The potential difference veritable as a result of the redox reaction is measured with the help of high resistance voltmeter(or beter by potentiometer). Since the electrode potential of the hydrogen electrode under standard conditions is taken zero, the reading of the voltmeter forget therefore,give thestandard electrode potential of the electrode under consideration.The deflection of the voltmeter in the cell circuit represents the race of current. The flow of current is towards opposite side.If it is towards the metal electrode, this agent that the flow of electrons is towards the standard hydrogen electrode. Therefore, metal electrode get out act as anode and standard hydrogen electrode as cathode. In case, the deflection is towards the hydrogen electrode, this promoter that the flow of electrons is from hydrogen electrode towards the metal electrode. In such a case, hydrogen electrode go forth act as anode and the metal electrode as the cathode.In General, Eo cell = Eo cathode EoanodeWhere Eo cell rate represents the standard reduction potential of the electrode.Electrochemical Series or EMF Series -The standard electrode potential (Eo cell) of a large number of electrodes are firm with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode acting as a reference electrode. The standard reduction potential of hydrogen is zero. The electrodes above hydrogen have negative reduction potential while those place below it have positive reduction potential and vice-versa. They are arranged in decreasing strength of reduce agent to form a series known as Electrochemical Series.Application of Electrochemical Series-To yell the relative oxidizing and reducing powers-The electrochemical series helps to pick out substances that are good oxidizing agents and those which are good reducing agents.In an electrochemical series the species which are set above hydrogen are more difficult to be reduced and their standard reduction potential values are negative. The Li Li+ (aq) electrode has the least Eo value and therefore, it is reduced with more difficulty. Therefore, Li+ cannot accept electrons easily and so loses electrons to behave as a reducing agent. Li is the strongest reducing agent.The species which are easily reduced than hydrogen are palced below it in electrochemical series and their Eo value are positive. The F2 2F-(aq) electrode has the highest Eo value and therefore , F2 has the greatest tendency to get reduced,it is consequently the strongest oxidizing agent. In general, oxidizing agents have + Eo values.Higher the positive value, stronger go out be the oxidizing agent and reducing agents have -Eo values, high the negative value, stronger will be the reducing agent.For ExampleIncreasing order of reducing power of metal isAg+/Ag(+0.80V) Calculation of the EMF of the CellThe following steps determine the reduction potential of the cathode and anodeStep IThe two half-cell reactions are written in such a way that the reaction taking place at the left hand hand electrode is written as an oxidation reaction and that taking place at the right electrode is written as reduction reaction.Step IIThe number of electrons in the two equations are made equal by multiplying one of the equations if necessary by a suitable number. However, electrode potential values (E) are not multiplied.Step IIIThe electrode potentials of both the electrodes are taken to b e reduction potentials and so the EMF of the cell is equal to the difference between the standard potential of the right hand side and the left hand side electrode.Eo cell = Eo R EoLStep IVIf the EMF of the cell is +ve, the reaction is feasible in the given direction and the cell is correctly represented, i.e., oxidation occurs at left electrode (anode) and reduction occurs at the right electrode (cathode). If it is -ve, the cell reaction is not feasible in the given direction and the cell is wrongly represented. Thus, to get positive value for the EMF the electrodes must be reversed.To predict whether a metal will react with acids to give H2 gas-Metals above hydrogen in Electrochemical series have great tendency for oxidation,so they gouge hydrogen from acids.All metals having negative electrode potentials (negative E values) show greater tendency of losing electrons as compared to hydrogen. So, when such a metal is placed in an acid solution, the metal gets oxidized, and H+ (hyd rogen) ions get reduced to form hydrogen gas. Thus, the metals having negative E values liberate hydrogen from acids.metal having negative E valueFor example, metals such as Mg (E (Mg2+ Mg) = 2.37 V),Zn (E (Zn2+ Zn) = 0.76 V), Iron (E (Fe2+ Fe) = 0.44 V) etc., can displace hydrogen from acids such as HCl and HSO4. But metals such as Copper, (E (Cu2+ Cu) = + 0.34V), silverish (E (Ag+ Ag) = + 0.80V) and gold (E (Au3+ Au) = +1.42 V) cannot displace hydrogen from acids because of their positive reduction potential value.To predict the Feasibility of Redox Reaction-From the E values of the two electrodes one can find out whether a given redox reaction is feasible or not. A redox reaction is feasible only if the species which has higher potential is reduced i.e., accepts the electrons and the species which has lower reduction potential is oxidized i.e., loses electrons.The electrochemical series gives the increasing order of electrode potentials (reduction) of different electrodes on moving down the table. This meaning that the species, which accept the electrons (reduced) must be lower in the electrochemical series as compared to the other which is to lose electrons. (oxidized). For example,From the electrochemical series E value of Cu = +0.34 V and that of Ag = +0.80 V since the reduction potential of Ag is more than that of Cu, this means that silver has greater tendency to get reduced in similitude to copper. Thus, the reactionoccurs more readily than the reactionThe reduction potential of copper is less than that of Ag, this means that copper will be oxidized or will go into solution as ions in comparison to Ag. Thus, the reaction,occurs more readily thanTherefore, silver will be reduced and copper will be oxidized and the above reaction is not feasible. Rather the reverse reaction,can occur. Thus a metal will displace, any other metal, which occurs below it in the electrochemical series from its salt solution. When a metal having lower E value is placed in a solution, containing ions of another metal having higher E value, hence the metal having lower E value gets dissolved and the ions of the metal having higher E value get precipitated.ProblemsQ- Write the half-cell reaction and the overall cell reaction for the electrochemical cellCalculate the standard emf for the cell if standard electrode potentials (reduction) Pb2+ Pb and Zn2+ Zn electrodes are -0.126V and -0.763 V respectively.SolutionZn electrode acts as anode while Pb electrode acts as cathode and, therefore oxidation occurs at zinc electrode and reduction occurs at lead electrode. The half cell reactions areQ- Iodine (I2) and bromine (Br2) are added to a solution containing iodide (I-) and bromide (Br-) ions. What reaction would occur if the concentration of each species is 1 M? The electrode potentials for the reactions areSolutionSince the reduction potential of Br2 is more than that of I2, it means that bromine can be readily reduced. Therefore, I- will be oxidized t o I2 and this reaction should be written as oxidation. Therefore, the following reactions will occurSince for the feasibility of the reaction, the emf should be +ve, and to get + ve value for the cell reaction, subtract the equation representing lower value of E from the equation representing the higher value of E.Q-. What will be the natural reaction between the following half-cell reactions?Calculate Ecell.SolutionSince the reduction potential of reaction (ii) is more than that of reaction (i) reaction (ii) will occur as reduction. Therefore, reaction (i) should be written as oxidation. To obtain the net reaction, we multiply the reactions by appropriate coefficients so that electrons get cancelled.Ecell = Esubstance reduced Esubstance oxidized= 1.28 (- 0.74) = 2.02VTo predict the spontaneity of any redox reaction-For any spontaneous reaction (deltaG) should be negative.SincedeltaG = -nFE cellHence E cell should be positive for spontaneous reaction. E cell is the emf of the ce ll and is calculated from the standard redox potentials by using the reaction.E cell = Ecathode EanodeIf E cell is positive, the cell reaction is spontaneous, otherwise not.To predict the Replacement tendency -The relative ease with which the various species of metals and ions may be oxidized or reduced is indicated by the reduction potential values. The metals with lower reduction potential are not reduced easily but are easily oxidized to their ions losing electrons. These electrons would reduce the other metals having higher reduction potentials. In other words, a metal having smaller reduction potential can displace metals having larger reduction potentials from the solution of their salt.For example, copper lies above silver in the electrochemical series, therefore, if copper metal is added to AgNO3 solution, silver is displaced from the solution. In general a metal occupying higher position in the series can displace the metals lying below it from the solutions of their salts and so are more reactive in displacing the other metals. Thus, Li is the well-nigh electropositive element in solutions and fluorine is the most electronegative element.To predict the correct Metallurgical Methods -Eo values of Cu,H2O and Al are +0.34V,-0.83V and -1.66V.It means Cu gets more easily reduced than water and water gets more easily reduced than aluminium.Hence copper can be produced by the electrolysis of aqueous copper sulphate but not aluminium.this is due to the fact that when Al3+(aq) is electrolysed,the H2O will be electrolysed but not Al3+(aq).For calculation of Equilibrium Constant -Therefore measurement of E o enables the determination of the equilibrium constant for the electrode reaction.

Histoy of Blackbeard the Pirate Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history pirates have terrorized the worlds seas. There are a couple of(prenominal) men that have been feared as much as pirates were. Names such as pirate, buccaneer, and privateer were given to these men and women that terrorized the seas. Black Sam Bellamy, Bartholomew Roberts, Jean Lafitte, Stede Bonnet, and Ann sightly are some of the most feared names know to man. These were the names of pirates that dominated the seas during the 1600s and 1700s, a cartridge clip known as the Golden Age of Piracy. However, bingle of the greatest pirates of all time was the great Edward Teach, alias Blackbeard. He terrorized the seas for most of his gruesome life during this era. The Golden Age of Piracy marked a time when sea travel was unsafe for every unmatchable, with Blackbeard being one of the lead factors. The history of piracy dates back more than 3000 years. It appears that the word pirate (peirato) was first utilise in about 140 BC by the Roman historian Polybius. The G reek historian Plutarch, writing in about 100 A.D., gave the oldest clear definition of piracy. He described pirates as those who attack without legal authority not only ships, but also maritime cities (http//www.piratesinfo.com/history/history.php). The most common pith of the word pirate recognizes them as an outlaw and a thief. Anyone who was caught and tried with the act of piracy would be sentenced to death.Most people are familiar with the wrangling pirate, privateer, and buccaneer. These words are all names given to groups of pirates. They were all essentially the same thing, with slight differences. In one case, however, you could be considered a legal pirate. These men were called privateers. A privateer was a pirate who by commission or letter of marque from the government was authorized to seize or destroy a merchandiser vessel of another nation (http//www.piratesinfo.com/fact/famous.html). Many kings hired privateers to help weaken their enemies. Privateers would sail the seas and loot and pillage ships in the name of their country. They tended to stay as far from the coast as possible to avoid any navy that might be about. Privateers with a letter of marque were considered legal by outside(a) law and they were not supposed to be charged with the act of piracy. However, more often that not, if the enemy managed to seize a privateer, they would oft... ...rds corpse, there were no less than 25 wounds, 5 being from pistol shots. Blackbeard truly was a giant of a man, and it took a whole army of men to finally consume him take. Maynard beheaded the corpse of Blackbeard and hung the head from his ships bowsprit as he sailed home victorious. The mutilated body of the pirate was thrown overboard in Ocracoke where he fell. falsehood has it that the headless corpse saw around the sloop several times in defiance before it sank form sight (Botting, Douglas The Pirates). Blackbeards death just about marked the end of the Golden Age of Piracy. The Go lden Age of Piracy only lasted about 30 years, but they may have been the most feared 30 years our world has experienced. No man was safe at sea with the dreaded pirates about. After Blackbeards death, no other pirate would be as great as he. Blackbeard may not have been the most successful or richest pirate of all time, but he is one of the most popular and recognized pirates of all time. Many tales are told of his battles at sea and of his pirate way of life. Blackbeard has, and will continue to go down in history, as one of the greatest pirates of all time.

Literature: Tool For The Masses To Grasp And Form Opinions On A Subject :: essays research papers

Literature Tool For The Masses to Grasp and Form Opinions on A SubjectOver the centuries, 1 of the most important tools available to protestinggroups was literature. Some of the most famous protest literature in the worldhas its roots in American history. For example, some peachy American authors ofprotest literature include Thomas Paine, Thomas Nast, John C. Calhoun, andMartin Luther King. Through eloquent, sometimes subtle means, these authorsbecame the spokesmen for their particular protest movements.Thomas Paine was an English-born man who seemed to assert controversy wherever hetraveled. Paines forceful yet eloquent prose made him a hero for the threegreat causes to which he devoted his life the American Revolution, religiousreform, and the natural rights of man. At the age of 37, Paine strove for thefabled shores of America, determined to forget his past. He made theacquaintance of Benjamin Franklin, and settled in Philadelphia. There, Painewas eventually hired into the pr ofession of editor for the daddy Magazine.He published a series of minor essays, but his first important work was anessay written for the Pennsylvania Journal in which Paine openly denouncedslavery. This was Paines first foray into the world of protest literature, andit clearly whet his appetite. Paine soon became fascinated with the ongoinghostility in Anglo-American relations, and, a great deal to the dismay of his publisher,could not seem to think of anything but. Therefore, in late 1775, Paine hadbegun what was to become a 50-page Pamphlet known as Common Sense. In this work,Paine realmd that purchase order in every state is a blessing, but Government, even in its best state, isbut a necessary evil in its worst state an intolerable one for when we suffer,or are exposed to the same miseries by a Government, which we might expect in acountry without Government, our calamity is heightened by reflecting that wefurnish the means by which we suffer. Government, like dress, is the ba dge oflost innocence the palaces of kings are built upon the ruins of the bowers ofparadise (Fast 6).This very biting and controversial stance is what characterized Paines writing.He went on to dismiss the King as a fool, and stated that natural ability is notnecessarily related to heredity. Paine argued that the colonies existed plainlyfor British profit, and that the colonies must meld quickly if they were everto form a single nation. This latter argument was more than likely influencedby Franklins famous "Join or Die" cartoon. Finally, Paine argued that the onlyway to gain the rights desired by the colonists and help from outside powers was

How Technology Has Hurt Us :: essays research papers

How Technology Has Hurt UsAlthough many inventions have helped us and made our lives easier theyhave also ca implementd some problems.With the invention of the gondola car came problems such as air pollution.Cities ar becoming more and more congested with people using their cars evenfor short distances. The government is trying to draw and quarter this better by makingcars pass an emmission control test. another(prenominal) problem with cars is that hundredsof people die or get seriously injured each year.Another technical invention that maybe we would have been better withoutis weapons. Although weapons were made to protect our country and keep freedomit seems to have done the opposite. Drive by shootings are a daily occurence inour walloping cities. More people are turning the guns on themselves. Kids bringguns to school with them for protection against people who may use a gun on themfor retaliation. Politically its divided the nation on whether private citizensshould be able to carry guns.Disposable items have caused a big garbage problem. We use everythingfrom disposable pens to disposable diapers. We can stop some of the garbageproblem by recycling.Air conditioners are using up plow of our electricity. There are timesin the summer when brown outs happen because if our excessive use of the airconditioners. Freon gets released into our environment.Today people are being kept alive longer and longer. People that haveno chance of recovery are being kept alive on ventilators. This causes a great expenditure to society and an emotional stress on the family. Even though olderpeople may beg to let them die medicine refuses to let them. This is latechanging with living wills.Even though we love to watch TV it has also caused problems.